Spontaneous perforation of common bile duct (CBD) in an adult is an exceedingly rare phenomenon. It is mostly seen in infants due to congenital anomalies. The diagnosis of biliary tract perforations is often delayed due to their nonspecific symptoms, which results in high morbidity. Early diagnosis and aggressive therapy are mandatory to alleviate this condition. Delayed diagnoses and treatment may have more serious consequences in terms of morbidity as well as mortality. We herein report spontaneous perforation of CBD in a middle-aged male who presented to our accident and emergency department with acute abdominal pain. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a small perforation with necrosed margins in the supraduodenal part of CBD, which was managed by a T-tube drain. However, no apparent cause for the perforation was found.

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We conclude that presence of prepuce is associated with great quantity of periurethral bacteria, greater likelihood of the presence of high concentration of uropathogens and high incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI). This study provides circumstantial evidence supporting the idea that early circumcision may be beneficial for prevention of UTI.

Foreign body aspiration is an important cause of emergency hospital admissions in young children less than 3 years of age. It may manifest with acute respiratory difficulty, choking and wheeze acutely or may be asymptomatic. Surgical emphysema is an unusual presentation of bronchial foreign body aspiration in young children. We describe an infant with bronchial foreign body aspiration that manifested with subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum. Multidetector-row CT with virtual bronchoscopy helped in the diagnosis by detecting and localizing the intraluminal foreign body in the right main bronchus that was removed with rigid bronchoscopy.

Hemorrhoids are the most common anorectal disorders with a prevalence of 39% in general population. Hemorrhoids are generally classified on the basis of their location and degree of prolapse. Goligher’s classification does not describe the number of hemorrhoidal columns involved and does not give much consideration to the amount of blood loss. To describe the hemorrhoidal disease more vividly, we devised the “PNR-Bleed” (or PNR-Booking) classification system. We tried to classify the hemorrhoids based on the four main characteristics of the hemorrhoidal disease i.e. the degree of hemorrhoidal Prolapse (P), Number (N) of the primary hemorrhoidal columns involved, Relation (R) of the hemorrhoidal tissue to dentate line and the amount of Bleeding (B) from it. All the four components in this classification system are graded into five grades ranging from 1 to 5. The peculiarity of this new classification system is that it allows more detailed documentation of the hemorrhoids in a particular patient and conveys more explicit meaning and information about the hemorrhoids for future references. Based on this ‘PNR-Bleed’ classification, we are introducing another concept of scoring the severity of hemorrhoids and referred it as the Hemorrhoid Severity Score (HSS). Hemorrhoid Severity Score (HSS) is the total score obtained by the sum of the numerical grades of all four characteristics of hemorrhoids in “PNR-Bleed” classification. This new “PNR-Bleed” system of classifying the hemorrhoids and calculation of HSS seems to be more comprehensive, detailed, more objective and easily reproducible.