Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that is responsible for serious hospital-acquired infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and various sepsis syndromes. Also, it is a multidrug-resistant pathogen recognized for its ubiquity and its intrinsically advanced antibiotic-resistant mechanisms. It usually affects immunocompromised individuals but can also infect immunocompetent individuals. There is no vaccine against it available till now. This study predicts an effective epitope-based vaccine against fructose bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using immunoinformatics tools. The protein sequences were obtained from NCBI, and prediction tests were undertaken to analyze possible epitopes for B and T cells. Three B cell epitopes passed the antigenicity, accessibility, and hydrophilicity tests. Six MHC I epitopes were found to be promising, while four MHC II epitopes were found promising from the result set. Nineteen epitopes were shared between MHC I and II results. For the population coverage, the epitopes covered 95.62% worldwide excluding certain MHC II alleles. We recommend in vivo and in vitro studies to prove its effectiveness.

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Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious disease with varying rates of mortality and morbidity among infected individuals which estimates for approximately two million deaths/year. The number of deaths could increase by 60% if left untreated. It mainly affects immune-compromised individuals and people of third world, due to poverty, low health standards, and inadequate medical care. It has varying range of manifestations that is affected by the host immune system response, the strain causing the infection, its virulence, and transmissibility. Materials and methods: A total of 1750 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis PPE65 family protein strains were retrieved from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database on March 2019 and several tools were used for the analysis of the T-and B-cell peptides and homology modelling. Results and conclusion: Four strong epitope candidates had been predicted in this study for having good binding affinity to HLA alleles, good global population coverage percentages. These peptides are YAGPGSGPM, AELDASVAM, GRAFNNFAAPRYGFK and a single B-cell peptide YAGP. This study uses immunoinformatics approach for the design of peptide based vaccines for M. tuberculosis. Peptide based vaccines are safer, more stable and less hazardous/allergenic when compared to conventional vaccines. In addition, peptide vaccines are less labouring, time consuming and cost efficient. The only weakness is the need to introduce an adjuvant to increase immunogenic stimulation of the vaccine recipient.

Background: Genetic polymorphisms in the HEXA gene are associated with a neurodegenerative disorder called Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) (GM2 gangliosidosis type 1). This study aimed to predict the possible pathogenic SNPs of this gene and their impact on the protein using different bioinformatics tools. Methods: SNPs retrieved from the NCBI database were analyzed using several bioinformatics tools. The different algorithms collectively predicted the effect of single nucleotide substitution on both structure and function of the hexosaminidase A protein.Results: Fifty nine mutations were found to be highly damaging to the structure and function of the HEXA gene protein.Conclusion: According to this study, thirty two novel nsSNP in HEXA are predicted to have possible role in Tay-Saches Disease using different bioinformatics tools. Our findings could help in genetic study and diagnosis of Tay-Saches Disease.Keywords: Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), GM2 gangliosidosis, hexosaminidase A, HEXA, a neurodegenerative disorder, bioinformatics, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), computational, insilico. ganglioside which is caused by mutations in HEXA gene the highest concentration of GM2 ganglioside found in neuronal cells and they are the main glycolipids of neuronal cell's plasma membranes responsible of the normal cellular activities. Patients with HexA deficiency suffer from GM2 ganglioside accumulates inside neural's lysosomes. Therefore, HexA deficiency primarily affects the nervous system [1,2,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].According to the disease onset age, TSD is differentiated into three types which are: acute infantile, juvenile, and late-onset. Acute infantile TSD is the most common type. It causes progressive weakness and motor skills lost in the infected infants. This progression occurs between the ages of six months to three years. In addition, the infected infant progressively suffers from diminished attentiveness and an exaggerated startle response. As TSD continues to destroy the brain infant suffers from seizures, blindness, and death which usually occurs before four years of age [8,9,11,[13][14][15].The human HEXA gene [OMIM *606869] encodes the alpha subunit of the lysosomal hexosaminidase A isozyme (HexA) which is located on chromosome 15 q23-q24 and contains 14 exons. More than two hundred mutations have been reported in the HEXA gene to cause TSD and its variants. These mutations include single base substitutions, small deletion, duplications, insertions splicing alterations, complex gene rearrangement, partial large duplications, partial deletion, splicing mutations, nonsense mutations and missense mutations that lead to the disruption of transcription, translation, folding, dimerization of monomers and catalytic dysfunction of HexA protein [4,8,11,15,16].

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is common pathogen that is responsible of serious illnesses hospital acquired infection as ventilator associated pneumonia and various sepsis syndrome. Also it is a multidrug resistant pathogen recognized for its ubiquity, its intrinsically advanced antibiotic resistant mechanisms. generally affects the immuonocompromised but can also infect the immunocompetent as in hot tub folliculitis. There is no vaccine against it available till now. This study predicts an effective epitope-based vaccine against Fructose bisphosphate aladolase (FBA) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using immunoinformatics tools. The sequences were obtained from NCBI and prediction tests took place to analyze possible epitopes for B and T cells. Three B cell epitopes passed the antigenicity, accessibility and hydrophilicity tests. Six MHC I epitopes were the most promising, while four from MHC II. Nineteen epitopes were shared between MHC I and II. For the population coverage, the epitopes covered 95.62% of the alleles worldwide excluding certain MHC II alleles. We recommend invivo and invitro studies to prove it's effectiveness.