A total of 504 bovine faecal samples collected from intensively managed beef farms in Afyon province of Turkey were examined to determine the types and prevalence of coccidian parasites present. Coccidian oocysts were found in 20.04% of all the samples examined by sucrose-flotation. The species detected and their prevalence were Eimeria bovis (34.55%), E. auburnensis (23.03%), E. canadensis (14.55%), E. brasiliensis (10.91%), E. zuernii (6.67%), E. bukidnonensis (3.03%), E. cylindrica (2.42%), E. ellipsoidalis (1.21%), E. illinoisensis (1.21%), E. alabamensis (1.21%) and Isospora sp. (1.21%). Mixed infections of two to four species were found in 43.6% of the animals. The overall prevalence of coccidial oocysts in faecal samples was 27.23% for calves, 15.65% for cows. Linear regression analysis showed that there is a significant reduction in the OPG (the number of oocysts per gram of feces) levels (P<0.05) in cows infected with Eimeria. No cases of clinical coccidiosis were observed in this survey.

The aim of this study was to determine the presence and prevalence of larval stages of Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Brachylaima sp. in the first intermediate host, a species of land snail, Helix aspersa, in Turkey. A total of 211 snails were collected in April-May 2014 from pastures in Mersin District. Larval stages of D. dendriticum were identified under a light microscope. Hepatopancreas from naturally infected H. aspersa snails were examined histologically. The prevalence of larval stages of D. dendriticum and Brachylaima sp. in H. aspersa snails was found to be 2.4% and 1.9%, respectively, in Mersin, Turkey. Cercariae were not matured in sporocysts at the beginning of April; however, it was observed that cercariae matured and started to leave sporocysts by early-May. Thus, it was concluded that H. aspersa acts as an intermediate host to D. dendriticumin and Brachylaima sp. in Mersin, Turkey. A digenean trematode Brachylaima sp. was seen for the first time in Turkey.

This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and economic losses due to in cattle of hypodermosis between May 2008 and April 2009 in Afyonkarahisar province of Turkey. A total of 6,598 cattle-3,498 in pasture and 3,100 in slaughterhouse-were examined for hypodermosis. One hundred ninety-five out of 6,598 cattle (2.96%) were found positive. Concerning this infestation rate, the prevalence of hypodermosis in field was 5.3%, whereas the prevalence was 0.3% in slaughter house. Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum were recorded in slaughter house. First-stage Hypoderma spp. larvae weren't found in cattle organs in slaughterhouse. The annual economic loss on skins is estimated to be about 18,288 TL (currency exchange rate is 1 USD:1.499 TL).

The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of different levels of hypoxia on maximal strength, muscular endurance, and cognitive function in males and females. In total, 13 males (mean ± SD: age, 23.6 ± 2.8 years; height, 176.6 ± 3.9 cm; body mass, 76.6 ± 2.1 kg) and 13 females (mean ± SD: age, 22.8 ± 1.4 years; height, 166.4 ± 1.9 cm; body mass, 61.6 ± 3.4 kg) volunteered for a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Participants completed a one repetition strength and muscular endurance test (60% of one repetition maximum to failure) for squat and bench press following four conditions; (i) normoxia (900 m altitude; FiO2: 21%); (ii) low dose hypoxia (2000 m altitude; FiO2: 16%); (iii) moderate dose hypoxia (3000 m altitude; FiO2: 14%); and (iv) high dose hypoxia (4000 m altitude; FiO2: 12%). Heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and cognitive function was also determined during each condition. The one repetition maximum squat (p = 0.33) and bench press (p = 0.68) did not differ between conditions or sexes. Furthermore, squat endurance did not differ between conditions (p = 0.34). There was a significant decrease in bench press endurance following moderate (p = 0.02; p = 0.04) and high (p = 0.01; p = 0.01) doses of hypoxia in both males and females compared to normoxia and low dose hypoxia, respectively. Cognitive function, ratings of perceived exertion, and lactate were also significantly different in high and moderate dose hypoxia conditions compared to normoxia (p < 0.05). Heart rate was not different between the conditions (p = 0.30). In conclusion, high and moderate doses of acute normobaric hypoxia decrease upper body muscular endurance and cognitive performance regardless of sex; however, lower body muscular endurance and maximal strength are not altered.

This study was carried out in seven sheep herds infected by gastro-intestinal nematodes in the Afyonkarahisar district (Western Turkey) from June to July 2005. Sixty sheep in each herd were distributed into 3 groups as anthelmintic treatment groups along with a control group containing 15 animals. The anthelmintic groups were treated with albendazole (7.5 mg/kg BW), oxfendazole (7.5 mg/kg BW)-oxyclosanide (15 mg/kg BW) combination and ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg BW-injectable). The faecal samples were collected before treatment and after 10 days of treatment. Nematode egg counts per gram of faeces (EPG) were examined in the faecal samples using the McMaster technique. To identify the genus, the faecal samples were cultured. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECR) was employed to determine the resistance. In ivermectin treated groups, the FECR% values and the lower confidence limits were estimated as A: 68.57(14.77), B: 46.42(22.47), C: 84.41(35.38), D: 95.23(61.64), E: 97.14(76.94), F: 65.21(80.46) and G: 91.66(31.69), respectively. In the A, B, C, F and G herds, statistical analysis showed that the FECR% values were less then 95% and the estimated lower confidence limits were less then 90%. In all herds, albendazole treated, oxfendazole-oxyclosanide treated and control group, there were no eggs in the feacal samples. In these groups, the FECR% values were 100. In ivermectin treated groups, the third stage larvae from the genera Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Nematodirus and Ostertagia were detected in coprocultures before treatment and the larvae from the genera Haemonchus and Oesophagostomum were detected in post-treatment coprocultures in the resistant herds. In conclusion, there was no evidence of resistance in sheep gastro-intestinal nematodes against albendazole and oxfendazole-oxyclosanide; in contrast, the resistance against ivermectin was detected in five sheep herds in the Afyonkarahisar district.