Biyojen aminler daha çok proteince zengin ve fermente gıdalarda mikroorganizma faaliyetleri sonucu oluşan ve sağlık üzerinde önemli etkileri olan bileşikler olmakla birlikte yüksek konsantrasyonlarda toksik etki gösteren bileşiklerdir. Bu nedenle mikroorganizma gelişimlerini etkileyen faktörler, biyojen amin oluşumunu da etkilemektedir. Biyojen aminlerin oluşumunu etkileyen temel faktörler; şeker konsantrasyonu, pH, sıcaklık, tuz konsantrasyonu, gıdadaki mikroorganizma türleri, starter kültürler, oksijen ve benzeri faktörler olarak gösterilmektedir. Biyojen aminler nitrit ve azot oksitler ile reaksiyona girebilmekte ve kanserojen nitrozaminleri oluşturabildikleri gibi, bir biyojen amin formundan diğer bir biyojen amin formuna da dönüşebilmektedirler. Ayrıca bazı poliaminlerin, poliamin oksidaz enzimiyle katabolizması sonucu toksik bir bileşik olan akrolein de oluşabilmektedir. Bu derlemede; biyojen aminlerin oluşum mekanizmaları, etkili faktörler ve diğer bileşiklere dönüşümleri literatür verileri incelenerek ele alınmıştır.Biogenic amines mainly occur by microbial activity in high-protein foods and fermented foods and have important health effects, but may cause toxicological effects at high concentrations. For this reason, the factors influencing microbial growth also affects production of biogenic amines. The factors that affect the formation of biogenic amines are carbohydrate concentration, pH, temperature, sodium chloride concentration, types of microorganisms in the foods, starter cultures, oxygen and so on. While biogenic amines can react with nitrosating reagents such as nitrite and nitrogen oxides to form carcinogenic nitrosamines, they are also able to transform from one biogenic amine form to another. In addition, some polyamines could produce toxic acrolein by their catabolism with polyamine oxidase. The aim of this paper is to give information about the occurrence and formation mechanisms of biogenic amines, factors influencing their formation, and transformation of biogenic amines to other compounds.
Günümüzde gıdalarda iz miktarlarda bulunan fakat sağlık açısından önemli etkiler gösteren bileşiklerin belirlenmesi üzerine yapılan çalışmalar devam etmektedir. Biyojen aminler de özellikle proteince zengin gıdalarda ve fermente gıdalarda mikrobiyal dekarboksilasyon veya aldehitlerin ve ketonların deaminasyonu sonucu oluşan ve sağlık açısından birçok etkileri olan bileşikler olarak bu araştırmalara konu olmaktadır. Biyojen aminler vücutta birçok fizyolojik fonksiyonun düzenlenmesinde görev almakla birlikte vücutta yüksek konsantrasyonlarda bulunduklarında ise toksik etki gösterebilmektedirler. Biyojen aminler vücut sisteminde amino oksidaz enzimleri tarafından detoksifiye (katabolize) edilebilmekte olup, bazı durumlarda bu enzimlerin yeterince aktivite gösterememesi sonucu bu aminler vücutta toksik etki gösterebilmektedirler. Bu derlemede, biyojen aminlerin fizyolojik etkileri, toksik etkileri ve detoksifikasyon mekanizmaları güncel literatürler incelenerek tartışılmıştır.
In this study, it was aimed to determine the properties of the black carrot pomace and its use in pastries. For this purpose, black carrot pomace was dried at 150ºC by using drum drier. Dietary fiber (64.93 %), total sugar (1.16 %), fat (1.60 %), protein (8.82 %), anthocyanins (0.21 mg/g) and total phenolic substances (2.30 mg/g) of the black carrot pomace were determined. The functional properties of the carrot pomace such as water retention capacity (1.53 g/g), swelling (1.59 mL/g), alcohol insoluble residue (737.5 g/kg) and emulsion capacity (30.64 mL/g) were calculated. Dried pomace was used at three different levels in modified cookie and cake formulations. Ranking test was applied for the sensory evaluation of each derived formulations. The results of the sensory analysis showed that the use of black carrot pomace in cookie formulations was more suitable and more preferred.
Sağ atrium trombozu ve pulmoner emboli pacemaker konulması sonrasında görülen nadir komplikasyonlardır. Sağ atrial trombüse bağlı akut pulmoner emboli hemodinamik bozukluk, konjestif kalp yetmezliği ve yüksek mortalite oranı ile ilişkilidir. Erken tanı ve girişim önemlidir. Biz burada endokardial DDD pacemaker lead trombüsü ve ileri triküspit kapak yetmezliği olan bir hastanın cerrahi tedavisini sunduk. Anahtar Kelimeler: Pacemaker; trombüs; tedavi; cerrahi. Right atrial thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are infrequent complications of pacemaker insertion. Acute pulmonary embolism due to right atrial thrombus is related with haemodynamic compromise, congestive heart failure and high mortality rate. Prompt diagnose and intervention is essential. We report surgical treatment of a patient with a large thrombus on an endocardial DDD pacing lead and severe tricus-pid insufficiency.
The most basic element in accessing safety food is the audit. Food factories and suppliers regularly undergo inspections within the scope of quality management and food safety. These audits include the requirements set by the current legal regulations as well as the issues stipulated by social compliance standards. In this respect, although the content of the inspections mainly covers food safety and food quality issues, there may be occupational health safety, environment, social compliance, religious expectations, food defense, agricultural production methods and special customer expectations. Product quality criteria and practices are published as standards by international standard commissions, manufacturers and retailer associations, national and international chain markets. The goal of the standards set for this purpose is to guarantee food safety, food quality and the health and expectations of consumers. In addition, it is to eliminate the risks that may arise from the management practices of the factories. Food factories, which constitute a very wide structure as a sector, provide very serious benefits from their standard implementation but may experience some difficulties during inspection practices. It is clear that especially small and medium-sized factories need the right information sources and financial support to develop. In this study, the aims of establishing standards, their scope, the benefits provided by the producers, the problems experienced in the applications and possible solution suggestions and future expectations were evaluated.
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