Purpose of the study: In the past two decades several researchers have explored the concern of xenophobia in South African fiction. Studies sought to determine the reasons behind the prevalence of xenophobic violence in South Africa. Previous research on xenophobia claims that xenophobic violence is prevalent in the state is, in fact, due to economic and social reasons only. Yet, this article aims to correct the misconception of the Rainbow Nation that South Africa was supposed to have been achieved after 1994. Methodology: The text Zebra Crossing (2013) by the South African novelist Meg Vandermerwe is under the focus. The concept of Michael Neocosmos of Citizenship from the postcolonial theory is applied to the selected text. A close reading of the text and qualitative research is the method of my analysis. The article will focus on the acts of violence reflected in the text in an attempt to find the reasons behind such acts. Neocosmos' valid conceptualization about the outbreaks of xenophobia in South Africa in the post-apartheid is applied to the selected text. Main Findings: the article will conclude that the notion of the rainbow nation in South Africa is no more than a dream due to the outbreaks of xenophobia and the ongoing violence against foreigners. It will also prove that the continuous xenophobic violence in South Africa is not because of social or economic reasons only yet, there is a political discourse that engenders and triggers the natives to be more xenophobic. Thus, the state politics of exclusion, indigeneity, and citizenship are the stimuli for citizens to be more aggressive and violent against foreigners. Applications of this study: the study will add new insight to the domain of English literature generally and the South African literature specifically. The study will be valuable in immigration literature as it deals with the plights of migrants in South Africa and their suffering from xenophobic violence. The study is located in the postcolonial approach. Novelty/Originality of this study: the study offers new insight towards xenophobia in South Africa. The concept applied in the study has not been explored so far in the selected text. Previous research claimed that xenophobia in South Africa is due to economic and social reasons but did not focus on the legacies of postcolonialism nor the new political system. The study is original and new as it discusses an ongoing and worldwide phenomenon utilizing a new concept.

No abstract

Background: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a medical procedure using endoscopic guidance to insert a tube into the patients stomach through the abdominal wall which using as a way to introduce enteral feeding when the oral pathway is not patent. Aim: This study aimed to assess nurses' performance regarding care of patients post percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies in critical care unit. Design: A descriptive explorative design was utilized for conduction of this study. Setting: the study was carried out in critical care unit of Ain Shams University Hospital. Study subject: A convenience subject of all available nurse's (N=30). Tools: I -Selfadministration questionnaire form which composed of nurses demographic characteristics' and nurses' knowledge questionnaire regarding care of patients post percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies in critical care unit, II nurses' practice observational checklist to assess nurses' performance regarding care of patients post percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies in critical care unit, Results: This results revealed that, 57% of the studied nurse's had unsatisfactory level of total knowledge about care of patients post PEG in critical care unit and 67% of them had unsatisfactory level of the total practices regarding care of patients post PEG in critical care unit, Conclusion: About more than half of studied nurse's had unsatisfactory level of knowledge and practices regarding care of patients post percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies in critical care unit. Recommendations: Continuous evaluation of nurses' knowledge and practice is essential to identify their needs in ICU about care of patients post PEG to design nurses' educational program to improve their performance about care of patients post PEG placement.

South Africa is undoubtedly one of the most unreceptive destinations in the world for black African refugees due to the prevalent xenophobic violence since the dismantling of apartheid in 1994. Previous research claimed that attitudes of intolerance and xenophobia towards foreigners were results of social and economic insufficiencies. Yet, this study argues that apartheid was not really dismantled, and that incomplete decolonization led to a state of neo-apartheid which catalysed citizens towards aggression and intolerance against foreigners. The article looks at Welcome to Our Hillbrow (2001) by Phaswane Mpe through the lens of Fanons’ concept of decolonization, and attributes the actions of xenophobic violence in South Africa to the incomplete process of decolonization after apartheid. The article concludes that unsuccessful liberation and incomplete decolonization can lead to a state of neo-colonialism and ultimately, neo-apartheid. Xenophobic violence is triggered and motivated by the reality that nothing has really changed in South Africa even after the dismantlement apartheid.

No abstract