Purpose In this study we aimed to evaluate the postnatally screened karyotype results in couples who were referred because of primary infertility between 2000 and 2006 in Izmir. Methods The records of a total of 179 cases were evaluated retrospectively. Results A total of 21 cases (11.74%) showed chromosomal alteration. Thirteen (7.26%) were 47,XXY; three (1.68%) were pericentric inversion of chromosome 9; one (0.56%) 46,XY/45,XO; one (0.56%) 46,XY/47,XXY/48,XXXY; one (0.56%) 46,XY,t(X;1); one (0.56%) 46,XY/46,XY,del (Y)(q11.2) and one (0.56%) 46,XX. ConclusionsThe rate of gonosomal chromosomal abnormalities was nearly three times higher in our region than the rate in the literature. Chromosomal analysis is strongly suggested particularly in those who suffer fertility problems.

Background and Study Aim. Thyroid hormone responses to acute maximal aerobic exercise is still unclear, so the aim of the study is to investigate the effect of acute maximal aerobic exercise resulting in fatigue on blood thyroid levels in men and women. Material and Methods. The study included 8 male and 7 female subjects who did not actively exercise. Both group participants were students in the Kastamonu University in the period of study. The heights, weights, resting hearth rates and 5 cc. venous blood samples of subjects were taken before the exercise. The subjects warmed up for ten minutes before they had 20 m shuttle run. The purpose of this test was to tire the subjects to the exhaustion. The heart rate were measured at the end of the test in order to determine the exhaustion levels of the participants. The 5 cc. venous blood samples were taken again just after the exhaustion exercise. Statistical analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23 program (SPSS Inc. Chicago. II. USA). P value was set at p<0.05. Results. When results were compared between both sexes, no significant difference was found among variables (p>0.05). There was significant change in TSH values in all group. They increased following the exercise compared to pre-exercise values. Moreover, total T3 decreased in all group. No other significant difference was found in free T3 and free T4 variables. Conclusions. In conclusion, thyroid responses to exercise emerge in a very complex way, which makes it difficult to reach a clear conclusion about its effects. The reason why the results are so contradictory is that the duration and intensity of the exercise, age, not being able to control the diet, and the timing of collection of blood samples after exercise.

Son zamanlarda yüksek şiddetli interval antrenman metotlarının hem aerobik hem de anaerobik performansı geliştirdiği gösterilmiştir. Ancak Kadınların aerobik kapasitesi üzerine bu antrenman yönteminin etkisini inceleyen çalışmaların sayısı yeterli değildir. Bu çalışmanın amacı 2 haftalık yüksek şiddetli interval antrenmanın kadınların aerobik göstergeleri üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesidir. Bu çalışmayayaş ortalaması (23.37±1,505yıl), olan 10 gönüllü kadın katılmıştır. Katılımcılar 2 hafta ve haftada 3 gün olmak üzere 6 seans yüksek şiddetli interval antrenman yapmışlardır. Her çalışma öncesi 10 dakika ısınma yine her antrenman sonrası 5 dakikalık soğuma egzersizleri yaptırılmıştır. Antrenman da ise wingate bisikleti üzerinde vücut ağırlığının %7.5'ine karşı yapabildiğinin en iyisini yapması istenerek 6x30 sn, 4 dakika aralıklarla wingate stili uygulanmıştır. Katılımcılar test öncesi ve sonrası VO 2max (maksimal oksijen tüketimi), VO 2 peak(zirve oksijen tüketimi) ve TTE (tükenme zamanı) belirlemek amacıtla maksimal oksijen tüketim testi uygulanmıştır. Aerobik parametreler arasında ön test ve son test farklılığının belirlenebilmesi için paired simple t-test uygulanmıştır. 2 hafta sonunda yüzdesel olarak, Maks Vo 2 (%4.44), Zirve Vo 2 (%8.09), TTE (%7.4) gibi anlamlı artışlar bulunmuştur(p<0.05). Bu sonuçlar 2 haftalık yüksek şiddetli interval antrenmanın aerobik göstergeler üzerinde etkili olduğunu göstermektedir.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two-week high intensity interval training (HIIT) on aerobic and anaerobic performance of kick boxers. Material: 24 male kick boxers (age 19.39 ± 0.72 y, body mass 74.14 ± 6.22 kg, height 177.95 ± 5.29 cm) volunteered for the study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. As well as routine training program, experimental group carried out Wingate-based HIIT 3 times per week for two weeks. Wingate protocol was as follow: 4 repetitions with 4 mins recovery (4X30sn all-out effort) during the first week, 5 repetitions with 4 mins recovery (5X30sn all-out effort) during the second week. In order to determine aerobic capacity, 20m shuttle run test was used while Wingate anaerobic test was used to determine anaerobic performance. Descriptive statistic was used to demonstrate mean values and standard deviation of the variables. Non-parametric Mann Whitney-U test was used to show the differences between groups. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used to compare intra-groups results from pre and post-test applications. Results: There was no significant difference between groups during pre-test measurements There was significant difference in PP, MP in experimental group compared to control during the post-test measurements. There was no difference in body mass, body fat (%) and predicted VO2max in both groups between measurements. Conclusions: According to intra and inter-group results, it can be concluded that two-week Wingate-based HIIT can be used to improve aerobic and anaerobic performances of kick boxers.

Background and Study Aim. Common use of surgical face masks is recommended for social and individual health due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is no systematic report for responses of organism to wearing a surgical face mask during different exercises. In this context the purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of wearing a surgical face mask during a one-hour brisk walking. Material and Methods. A total of thirty male (n=16) and female (n=14) volunteers (mean age and BMI of 32±1.07 years and 25.1±0.68 kg/m2, respectively) completed the protocol. This was a multiple cross-over trial for healthy volunteers. All participants took a one-hour brisk walking with and without a surgical face mask. Specific physiological measurements (HR - heart rate; BP - blood pressure, SaO2 - arterial oxygen content) were compared before and immediately after two brisk walking. Each subject served their own control. Results. The evaluation found that there was no statistically significant difference between the mean HR and blood pressure values during the brisk walking with and without a surgical face mask, while there was a statistically significant difference in the SaO2 values on behalf of no-mask-walking (p<0.05). Conclusions. The use of surgical face masks in healthy volunteers causes a decrease in SaO2 during brisk walking. However, it does not affect the mean pulse rate and blood pressure. Although there was a statistically significant decrease in the SaO2 parameter during mask-walking, it is possible to state that brisk walking with a surgical face mask does not have a physiologically negative impact, because this decrease is in ranges that are accepted to be normal.