TUN is an effective procedure in treating localized and multiple GR defects. Limited evidence is available comparing TUN to CAF; however, CAF seemed to be associated with higher percentage of CRC than was TUN when the same grafts (connective tissue or acellular dermal matrix) were used in both techniques.

Background:The crestal bone level and soft tissue dimension are essential for periodontal diagnosis and phenotype determination; yet, existing measurement methods have limitations. The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the correlation and accuracy of ultrasound in measuring periodontal dimensions, compared to direct clinical and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) methods. Methods:A 24-MHz ultrasound probe prototype, specifically designed for intraoral use, was employed. Periodontal soft tissue dimensions and crestal bone levels were measured at 40 teeth and 20 single missing tooth gaps from 20 patients scheduled to receive a dental implant surgery. The ultrasound images were interpreted by two calibrated examiners. Inter-rater agreement was calculated by using inter-rater correlation coefficient (ICC). Ultrasound readings were compared with direct clinical and CBCT readings by using ICC and Bland-Altman analysis. Results:The following six parameters were measured: 1) interdental papilla height (tooth), 2) mid-facial soft tissue height (tooth), 3) mucosal thickness (tooth), 4) soft tissue height (edentulous ridge), 5) mucosal thickness (edentulous ridge), and 6) crestal bone level (tooth). Intra-examiner calibrations were exercised to achieve an agreement of at least 0.8. ICC between the two readers ranged from 0.482 to 0.881. ICC between ultrasound and direct readings ranged from 0.667 to 0.957. The mean difference in mucosal thickness (tooth) between the ultrasound and direct readings was −0.015 mm (95% CI: −0.655 to 0.624 mm) without statistical significance. ICC between ultrasound and CBCT ranged from 0.654 to 0.849 among the measured parameters. The mean differences between ultrasound and CBCT range from −0.213 to 0.455 mm, without statistical significance. Conclusion:Ultrasonic imaging can be valuable for accurate and real-time periodontal diagnosis without concerns about ionizing radiation.

The main goal of dental therapy is to enhance and maintain the general health and well-being of patients (Chapple & Wilson, 2014). Dental extraction is indicated when teeth cannot be maintained in a status compatible with adequate aesthetics, function and/or health, or for strategic reasons (Kao, 2008 ; Tonetti et al., 2000). Beyond its potential impact in quality of life, tooth extraction causes a local physiologic disruption that results in an initial inflammatory response and, subsequently, a variable degree

Congruent with current global trends, a steady increase in implant therapy use is expected in developed countries until the year 2026 (Elani, Starr, Da Silva, & Gallucci, 2018). While implant therapy has been proven as a viable method for tooth replacement, a plethora of variables may play a significant role in its biological, functional, and esthetic outcomes. Some of these critical factors are related to

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