Propolis, baldan sonra insanlar tarafından bilinirliği en yüksek arı ürünüdür. Propolisin anti mikrobiyal, anti inflamatuar, rejeneratif, immun modulatör, anti kanser, anti oksidan vs birçok etki gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Propolis hakkında çok sayıda preklinik çalışma olmasına rağmen bunları kliniğe uyarlamak zordur. Propolisin organizma üzerine sağlığı koruyucu ve iyileştiri etkileri göz önüne alındığında daha fazla ilgiyi hak ettiği yadsınamaz bir gerçektir, bu yüzden klinik çalışmalar üretilmeli ve desteklenmelidir.

Background and objectives: Despite advances in treatment modalities, the discovery of optimal medical therapies still remains a necessity in the management of pulmonary fi brosis. Material and methods:The experiments were performed in 35 adult Sprague Dawley rats, randomly allotted into one of fi ve groups (n=7). The control group was treated with 1 ml/kg, 0.9 % saline; the BLM group was given a single dose of BLM (2.5 U/kg); the BLM+ER group was treated with ER (10 mg/kg/day po) for 14 days after BLM administration; the BLM+SMT group was treated with i.p injections of SMT (20 mg/kg/ day) for 14 days after BLM administration; the BLM+ER+SMT group was treated with ER and SMT for 14 days after BLM administration. At the end of day 14, the results of histopathological, biochemical, and immunohistochemical investigations were analyzed. Results: Serum TNF-α, nitrate/nitrite, and TBARS levels signifi cantly increased in BLM group compared to control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 respectively). Lung tissue content of IL-6 was found to be lower in BLM+ER, BLM+SMT and BLM+ER+SMT groups compared to BLM group by immunhistochemical examinations (p < 0.01, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Similarly, the TNF-α reactions (p < 0.01 for each group) and NF-kB expressions were shown to be signifi cantly different among the study groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Based on our study, ER and SMT attenuate BLM-induced pulmonary fi brosis; the combination of two agents has a greater protective effi cacy against fi brosis than one alone, reducing the infl ammatory markers (Tab. 2, Fig. 2, Ref. 31). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.

A male patient at the age of 58 years applied to family health center for routine controls. He has been followed up for essential hypertension and asked whether he is smoking or not in the anamnesis. Our patient stated that he smoked 4 packets per day (140 package/year) between the ages of 18 and 53, and he had not smoked for last 5 years. He had suddenly decided to quit smoking and he had not taken any medical or alternative/supplementary recommendation. During a home, stingers that were told to our patient by the host regarding his smoking habit after dinner was noted as an external factor in his decision. Since he had high cigarette consumption in his background, it was surprising that he had quitted cigarette only by his self-control without any medical support. Although person's decision, attitudes and behaviors are playing a significant role in smoking cessation, it is required to conduct this period professionally and to apply pharmacotherapy where necessary. Key words: Smoking cessation, self-control ÖZET Rutin kontrol amacıyla aile sağlığı merkezine başvuran, esansiyel hipertansiyon tanısı ile takip edilen 58 yaşındaki erkek hastaya sigara içip içmediği soruldu. Hasta 18-53 yaşları arasında günde 4 paket (140 paket/yıl) sigara içtiğini, son 5 yıldır sigara içmediğini belirtti. Sigarayı bırakma kararını bir anda verdiği, herhangi bir tıbbi veya alternatif/ tamamlayıcı tıbbi öneri almadığı öğrenildi. Bu kararı aldığı günkü dış etken olarak, yaptıkları bir ev ziyareti esnasında ev sahibinin, yemekten sonra sigara içen hastamıza yönelttiği sigara içmesi ile ilgili kırıcı sözler olduğu not edildi. Hastamızın, oldukça yoğun sigara içme geçmişine rağmen, tıbbi destek almadan sadece iradesiyle sigarayı bırakmasının şaşırtıcı olduğu düşünüldü. Her ne kadar sigarayı bırakmada kişinin kararı ve bu konudaki tutum, davranışları belirleyici rol alıyorsa da, bu sürecin profesyonelce yönetilmesi ve gerektiği durumlarda farmakoterapi uygulanması başarılı bir sigara bırakma süreci için gereklidir. Anahtar kelimeler: Sigarayı bırakma, irade

Background: Smoking is a serious public health challenge across the world. Fasting in Ramadan requires people to stay away from smoking as well as activities such as eating, drinking, and sexual intercourse. We examined the effect of fasting on cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction during the Ramadan. Methodology: This study was designed as a descriptive cross-sectional survey. A questionnaire was prepared to determine sociodemographic data and smoking habits of a sample population. The questionnaire was delivered through face-to-face interviews at several family medicine clinics in Turkey, with smokers who fast in Ramadan. Results: There were 354 persons, of which 278 were male (78.5%), 76 were female (21.5%), and the mean age was 32.92 ± 11.84 years. A significant decrease in cigarette consumption during the Ramadan was reported by 285 (80.5%) smokers (p < .001). The number of smokers who had difficulty resisting the urge to smoke was less in Ramadan than non-Ramadan periods (p < .001). Religious sentiments were reported as the most important reason for coping with nicotine abstinence (53.7%). Significantly in 14.7% of the cases, participants stopped smoking during the whole period of Ramadan. Conclusions: Religious beliefs and willpower were found to be effective in helping people reduce or temporary stop smoking. Fasting may play a significant role in changing smoking behavior. Smoking cessation along with counseling supported by the state, health authorities, and clergy can be useful in the fight against smoking in Ramadan.