Introduction Ponseti technique is the treatment of choice for idiopathic congential talipes equino varus (ICTEV) since 1950s with excellent treatment outcomes reported worldwide. However, despite the popularity of this technique, Uganda adapted it as a treatment modality for ICTEV in May 2005. Since then, the effectiveness of delivered Ponseti care to children with this very common orthopaedic deformity under the supervision of an orthopaedic surgeon was unknown. The implication of this undertaking was that, satisfactory outcomes would then support the Ministry of Health (MOH)-Uganda´s decision to embrace this mode of treatment and if the outcomes were unsatisfactory, MOH would then consider a policy revision in this regard. To assess the midterm treatment outcomes of children with ICTEV who had been enrolled for treatment at Mulago National Referral Hospital in the period of 2006-2009. Methods in November/December 2013, a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the treatment outcomes of 68 feet of 45 children using the designed questionnaire and the PBS score; a pilot study of 10 neonates was performed prior to research. A good treatment outcome meant having a foot or feet that did not require any major or minor surgery. Results forty-five (45) children with 68 ICTEV feet were evaluated; males 29 (64.4%) and 16 (35.6%) females with a mean age of 73.22 months (SD 11.364, range 48-96 months). Among the feet assessed, 46 (68%) had good to excellent outcomes while 22 (32%) had a relapse of moderate and severe deformity. Good functionality was seen in 61.8% out of which, 69% and 55.9% had no limitation in walking or running respectively. Conclusion Ponseti treatment technique in children with ICTEV under the care of predominantly orthopaedic officers with some supervision from orthopaedic surgeons had fair to good midterm outcomes even in low resource settings like Uganda. Public health approach should be embraced in the management of clubfoot in Uganda by enhancing adequate comprehensive support supervision and establishment of reliable institutionalized systems for patient follow up which will lead to early detection and treatment of relapsed ICTEV cases or neglected clubfeet in the communities.

Breast cysts (galactocele) form in the mammary gland from ductal obstruction. Multiple pathologic entities may produce complex cystic breast lesions. Ultrasound is presently the first primary modality in breast evaluation after physical palpitation. We report a progressive case of multiple cysts in a 32-year-old woman, ranging from 28 mm to 20 mm. Though in-situ milk (sono-penic) appears sterile, the superficial presentation (externally) is that of a firm mass. Due to the known hazards of radioactive mammography, this case report proves the usefulness of sonar to image, map, measure, identify and diagnose breast pathology. In women with dense-heavy breast, ultrasound examination will play an important role in screening palpable and non-palpable masses.

This study compares the pathophysiology of normal and growth retarded human placental tissues. Female patients were recruited from the Antenatal Clinic of Dolu Specialist Hospital, Mafoluku, Oshodi, Lagos, between 2008 and 2012. A total of 48 normal term placentas and 15 placentas of known IUGR cases were used for this study. IUGR cases were confirmed on the basis of ultrasound follow-up and diagnosis. Normal term placentas were collected at the point of delivery by a consultant gynaecologist, the cords were clamped, and membranes were then carefully trimmed after which each placenta was weighed. About 1 cm thickness of both normal and growth retarded placenta tissues was cut, processed for hematoxylin and eosin stain, while tissues for enzyme (ALP) assay were homogenized in cold 0.5 M sucrose solution. Comparative analysis of the data was done using ANOVA;P<0.05was taken as significant. The photomicrographs were observed/studied under light microscope, using the X150 and X600 magnifications. It was revealed therein that placental tissues are homogenous (regionally), compromised of maternal spiral arterioles and deregulated villous vasculogenesis, and that there is a significant difference in the level of alkaline phosphatase enzyme. We therefore concluded that there is a distinct difference between the normal and growth retarded human placenta tissue.

Complex breast masses may appear as suspicious ultrasound findings that usually warrant biopsy. Ductal Cell Carcinoma In-Situ (DCIS) is a form of breast cancer with a non-uniform appearance and malignant potential. A longitudinal review of mammary gland ultrasound (with high frequency transducer) within a three-year period was conducted. Differential diagnosis of fibroadenoma, lactating adenoma, mastitis, galactocele, breast cancer, abscess and "general" masses greater than 16 mm in diameter was stratified. Based on the Breast Imaging Reporting in Data System (BIRADS), lesions were classified as benign or malignant and recommendations of cytology made in cases of observed overlap findings. Image sonomorphologic information on mass-echogenic halo and non-uniform orientation were documented; while malignant factors like scar tissue, focal fibrosis and papillomas may be associated with a false positive (conclusion) result. Doppler studies on further mass evaluation is encouraged.