The energy dependence of forward angle pion double charge exchange is calculated in the energy range of 0-250 MeV. The most striking feature is a peak around 40 MeV which is in excellent agreement with the data when distorted waves obtained from a realistic optical model are used. Two possible short-range corrections to the reaction mechanism are addressed. ͓S0556-2813͑98͒07410-X͔

The phase variation with angle of hadronic amplitudes is studied with a view to understanding the underlying physical quantities that control it and how well it can be determined in free space. We find that unitarity forces a moderately accurate determination of the phase in standard amplitude analyses but that the nucleon-nucleon analyses done to date do not give the phase variation needed to achieve a good representation of the data in multiple scattering calculations. Models are examined that suggest its behavior near forward angles is related to the radii of the real and absorptive parts of the interaction. The dependence of this phase on model parameters is such that if these radii are modified in the nuclear medium (in combination with the change due to the shift in energy of the effective amplitude in the medium) then the larger magnitudes of the phase needed to fit the data might be attainable but only for negative values of the phase variation parameter.

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