Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major pathogen responsiple for nosocomial infections in world hospitals . One of the causes for the drug resistance in the Klebsiella pneumoniae is the production of ESBls enzymes.This research documented TEM , SHV , and CTX-M for the first time among Klebsiella pneumoniae in Al-Anbar hospitals of Iraqi. All studied clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae (30) resistant- beta lactam from 100 isolates were collected from different clinicals sources such as (burned, wounds, sputum,and urine samples). The susceptibility to different antibiotics was tested by VITEK-2 system. The bla TEM , SHV , and CTX-M genes were detected by conventional PCR and the result showed 30/30 (100%) strains harbored these genes. This results showed the coexistence of these genes in one strains of K. pneumoniae, while indicated widespread ESBLs in Anbar, Iraq.

K. pneumoniae is well known for its ability to form biofilm on indwelling medical devices. These biofilms are difficult to remove because of their high tolerance to conventional antibiotics. Therefore, there is a need to look for alternative agents such as medicinal plants, which can eradicate or inhibit biofilm effectively. This study evaluated the role of neem in inhibiting ESPLs production and biofilm formation by K. pneumoniae. Factors contributing to adherence and biofilm formation were also studied. Results demonstrated that neem leaves extract was quite effective in disrupting formation of biofilms and ESBLS activity at P- value: . Moreover, the level of exopolysaccharide, which contributes to biofilm formation, was also affected significantly. Results confirm the effectiveness of neem extract in inhibiting biofilm formation. Such studies can lead to the discovery of safe antimicrobial drugs from natural sources without the risk of resistance".

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In this study, the presence of Pseudomonasaeruginosawas investigated from many clinical samples, andthen about 54 isolates were obtained, diagnosed with all different diagnostic methods, and then the bacterialisolates produced for ExotoxinA were detected by the ELISA method and then the most productive isolatewas chosen for purification by means ofPrecipitation with ammonium sulphate and ion-exchange columnand detection of molecular weight was (M.W 65.03KD).The competent isolation tested its toxicity againsttwo cancer cell linesHeLa and PC3 which were an inhibition ratio 69.1% and 61.6% respectively in highconcentration.