Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is a nonepithelial tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation and typically affects adolescents and young adults. The cytological features of ARMS in body fluid have not been well characterized, which complicates diagnosis. Here, we describe the cytological features of ARMS in the ascites of a 50-year-old woman with an intra-abdominal mass and abundant ascites. Aspiration cytology of ascitic fluid revealed numerous small discohesive round cells with mild nuclear atypia and prominent nucleoli. Rhabdomyoblastic cells, characteristic of rhabdomyosarcoma, were identified rarely. Cannibalism and 'window' formation, as seen in reactive mesothelial cells, complicated the diagnosis of ARMS. Histological examination established the diagnosis of ARMS, which was confirmed by immunohistochemical expression of myogenic markers. When diagnosing ARMS from effusion samples, the diagnostic problems associated with the morphological similarity of ARMS cells to reactive mesothelial cells should be considered.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant, mesenchymal tumor showing evidence of skeletal muscle differentiation 1 .Although rhabdomyosarcoma rarely arises from the uterus, uterine rhabdomyosarcoma has a poor prognosis. We describe a case of uterine rhabdomyosarcoma diagnosed with endometrial curettage. Case ReportA 36-year-old nulliparous woman had received follow-up care for a uterine myoma for 2 years. Subsequently, the patient presented with abdominal distension and hypermenorrhea. Physical examination revealed an abdominal mass palpable to the level of the umbilicus. Pelvic examination showed the uterus to be the size of an infant's head. The patient also experienced atypical vaginal bleeding once a year, which gradually became more frequent. Recently, it occurred twice a week. Therefore, she was admitted to our hospital.On admission, the hemoglobin level was 5.4 g! dL. Hematological testing indicated iron deficiency anemia.Blood coagulation testing showed normal ranges. The cancer antigen 125 level was slightly elevated at 49 U! mL.The serum levels of cancer antigen 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen were within normal limits. Endometrial samples were collected with endometrial curettage. On the basis of the histological findings from the collected samples, rhabdomyosarcoma was diagnosed. However, because of the small amount of curettage samples, the histological subtype 1 of the rhabdomyosarcoma could not be determined.Computed tomography of the pelvis and abdomen showed a large pelvic mass with irregular density. Furthermore, computed tomography of the chest revealed multiple nodules in the lungs, which suggested pulmonary metastases. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis demonstrated an enlarged nodular pelvic mass containing irregular intensities ( Fig. 1A and B).After a multidisciplinary meeting, the patient was treated with multiagent chemotherapy. Vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide were administered intravenously but were not effective.The patient died 5 months after being admitted to our hospital. On the basis of the findings of this case, we emphasize the importance of correctly diagnosing pelvic masses in women. Figure 2 shows the histopathological features of the biopsy specimens obtained with endometrial curettage. Histological FindingsHistopathological examination of the specimens revealed small circular or oval tumor cells ( Fig. 2A). No carcinomatous elements were identified. The morphologic features were consistent with those of rhabdomyosarcoma.With immunohistochemical examination the tumor cells stained strongly positive for desmin (Fig. 2D) and vimentin ( Fig. 2F) and negative for caldesmon (Fig. 2C). In addition, the tumor cells demonstrated positive nuclear expression for myogenin. These immunohistochemical findings supported the histological diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. The MIB-1 index was 80% (Fig. 2E).

We describe a preconception hysteroscopic image of a patient with a ruptured uterus at 27 weeks’ gestation. A 40-year-old gravida 2, para 1, underwent open adenomyomectomy because of infertility. Subsequently, hysteroscopy performed at our hospital revealed an endometrial deficit from the uterine fundus to the posterior wall, and an area where the endometrium was missing and composed of yellow tissue was seen. She later achieved pregnancy. Lower abdominal pain occurred on day 1 of the 27th week of pregnancy. She suddenly went into a state of shock. Emergency laparotomy was performed, and a uterine rupture wound of approximately 10 cm in the longitudinal direction was seen in the posterior wall. A 1120-g male infant was stillborn. Total blood loss was 6450 mL. The mother was saved without hysterectomy. After adenomyomectomy, a hysteroscopy should be performed to check for endometrial defects before allowing pregnancy.