Abstract. The growing demand for local pollution free renewable energy sources in the world considered the solar energy as a one of the important renewable energy technologies and becomes dominant to the renewable energy source being exploited. The paper presents a unique approach to study and analysis off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system in order to provide the required energy for a one fold household in Diyala State, Iraq as well as the CO 2 emissions and life cycle (LCC) and economical aspect was considered. The results of the study by depending on site metrological data shows that the unit of electrical cost of (1 kWh) about ($0.51) and this value is not expensive compared to the current unit cost of electricity and becomes effect and encouraged the use the PV system to electrify the rare sites. The average of CO 2 emissions get avoidance about 1840 kg/year compared with conventional fuels used in Iraq to generate electricity.

Hybrid polymer composites have recently become the interest of the world and their uses are increasing in various applications, especially mechanical, electronic, and other applications. Recently, advanced machining techniques for hybrid polymer composites have been used to solve many problems during machining processes, including the ability to form complex shapes, high performance, better surface features, and high levels of accuracy. Among many machining processes, Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) has attracted the attention of many researchers and engineers in many industries. In this study, hybrid polymer composites consisting of an epoxy matrix reinforced with six layers of carbon fibers with a fixed percentage (15%) and ceramic particles (SiC and Al2O3) with different weight percentage were prepared by hand lay-up method. Mechanical tests including (tensile test, flexural test, impact and hardness test) were conducted. The results of mechanical tests showed that an improvement in the tensile and flexural properties was of (19.7%) in the tensile strength, (40%) in the modulus of elasticity, )55.26%( in the flexural strength and ) 69.49%( in the flexural modulus, )12%( in the hardness using hybrid polymer constituent (70 wt% Epoxy+15 wt% CF +10 wt% Sic +5 wt% Al2O3). However, this hybrid polymer constituent includes lowest value of impact strength. Also, the morphological analysis indicated the uniform distribution of particles, the best defect-free surface and the bonding strength between the reinforcement and the epoxy matrix can be obtained using this constituent which has contributed to the improvement in the mechanical properties. The AWJM automation process was also performed based on design of experiment (Taguchi L18 design) to study the effect of the selected AWJM parameters (the hybrid polymer constituents, transverse velocity, stand of distance) on the different response variables (surface roughness, hardness, and kerf width). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) concluded that the hybrid polymer with the constituents (70 wt% Epoxy+15 wt% CF +10 wt% Sic +5 wt% Al2O3) has the most influential factor on the responses followed by transverse velocity, and then stand of distance. Moreover, the grey relational analysis was beneficially used to determine the multi optimization of AWJM parameters.

3D explicit technique based on finite element analysis is usually applied for solving the nonlinear problems in metal forming process such as wire drawing. The mass scaling percentage that related with stable time increment has substantial influence for attaining the optimum simulation results. In this article, the drawing process of A304 stainless wire utilizing analytical and numerical approach without mass scaling was developed to estimate and validate the obtained drawing stresses using different reduction of area. Then, 3D explicit models based on finite element analysis was run using various mass scaling at the low and high reduction of area 12 and 27% for displaying the analysis time, equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ), and drawing stress. The results exposed that the appropriate increase of mass percentage corresponding to the target time increment can be selected for reducing the time of wire drawing analysis to 53 and 50% at reduction of area 12 and 27% respectively. Although the PEEQ and drawing stress had little increase when the mass percentage raises however, it should be taken into consideration through the design of the wire drawing process. Therefore; the mass scaling value must be carefully adopted.

In a composite structure, it is anticipated that high toughening can be achieved by taking advantage of mixing rubber with epoxy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the toughness characteristics of Polymeric Composites containing Polysulfide Rubber (PSR) as a toughener to a brittle base epoxy resin. Through comparing with neat resin specimens (epoxy, epoxy +PSR), the results showed that the addition of PSR into polymeric resin enhance toughness of epoxy. Similarly experiment showed that the maximum value of mixing ration is 6% PSR, which cause a noticeable enhancement in composite strain, but a reduction in tensile strength and modulus of elasticity at fracture.

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