Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of urological carcinomas in patients with gross haematuria. Study Design: Prospective study Place and Duration : Department of Urology, PIMS Islamabad, from December, 2021 to May, 2022. Methods: There were one hundred and forty five patients with ages 20-55 years were presented in this study. All the included patients had blood in urine. After receiving informed written permission, detailed demographic information about the recruited patients, including age, gender, body mass index, and causes of haematuria, was compiled. Urine cytology and microscopy were used to rule out the presence of malignant cells in haematuria. Every time a cystoscopy or computed tomography (CT) scan was needed to monitor the health of our patients, we sent them for an ultrasound. Frequency of urological carcinomas was calculated. SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze all of the data in the study. Results: There were 90 (62.1%) males and 55 (37.9%) females in our study. Mean age of the patients was 41.8±5.54 years with mean BMI 24.5±4.76 kg/m2. 80 (55.2%) patients were literate. Most common cause was urinary tract infection found in 50 (34.5%) cases, trauma in 45 (31.03%), urolithiasis in 30 (20.7%) cases and smoking in 20 (13.8%) patients. Prevalence of urological carcinoma was found in 27 (18.6%) cases. Conclusion: We found a significant incidence of urological carcinomas in our research. Gross haematuria was most often caused by urinary tract infection or trauma. Keywords: Urological carcinomas, Gross haematuria, Urinary tract infection

Objective: To determine the frequency of hepatorenal syndrome in patients presented with chronic liver disease, also examine one month mortality in patients diagnosed with hepatorenal syndrome. Study Design: Prospective/Observation Study Place and Duration: Medical Ward, THQ Hospital Dargai Malakand and Ziauddin University Karachi, From November, 2021 to April, 2022. Methodology: One hundred and five patients of either gender presented with chronic liver disease having ages 18 to 65 years were enrolled. Detailed demographics including age, sex, BMI, duration of disease and etiology of liver cirrhosis were recorded after taking informed written consent. Patients with hepatic encephalopathy being treated with nephrotoxic drugs, acute infection, hypovolemia, sepsis, and fulminant and sub-fulminant hepatic failure were excluded. Serum creatinine was analyzed in all the patients to examine renal failure. Outcomes in term of one month mortality was also examined in HRS patients. Data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0. Results: There were 63 (60%) males while 42 (40%) patients were females with mean age 47.18±11.64 years. Mean BMI was 24.66±3.84 kg/m2. Among 105 patients 15 (14.29%) patients were diagnosed to have hepatorenal syndrome. Out of 15 HRS patients, 4 (26.67%) were died. Conclusion: It is concluded that frequency of hepatorenal syndrome in liver cirrhosis patients was high. And HRS was associated with high rate of mortality. Keywords: Chronic Liver Disease, HBV, HCV, Hepatorenal Syndrome, Mortality