This paper reports a damage survey and seismic analysis of a bridge. In the first part, the damage survey of some bridges that were affected by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake was discussed. Among these bridges, the Tawarayama Bridge, which is a plate girder bridge located very close to an active fault line, was particularly considered. This bridge incurred severe damage because of the earthquakes’ epicenters very close to the bridge. The damage mechanism that can occur in this type of bridge was elucidated. During the damage survey, parts of Tawarayama Bridge were examined to determine the damage in order to examine the factors of occurrence and damage mechanism. In the second part, the seismic responses of Tawarayama Bridge were analyzed using ABAQUS software, and beam elements were applied for the structural members. Firstly, the time-history responses were analyzed using both longitudinal and transverse direction earthquake ground motions separately and simultaneously to investigate the dynamic response of the bridge. Both undamped and damped conditions were considered. For the dynamic response analysis, the recorded earthquake acceleration data of Ozu Station were applied for both undamped and damped conditions considering both east-west (EW) and north-south (NS) directions simultaneously and the damped condition for these directions separately. In addition, a damped model was analyzed by applying design earthquake input data obtained from the Japanese Seismic Design Specifications for Highway Bridges. Consequently, five cases were established for seismic response analysis. Subsequently, the seismic responses of Tawarayama Bridge were investigated, and the behavior of the lower lateral members was examined considering the observed buckling of these members during the damage survey. The field survey and dynamic response analysis indicate that the buckling design of the lower lateral members should be considered in the future design of bridges.

We present here the examples that show how fusing data from hyperspectral sensors with data from high spatial resolution sensors can enhance overall road detection accuracy. The fusion of hyperspectral and high spatial resolution data combines their superior respective spectral and spatial information. IKONOS (MSS) and Hyperion images were fused using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. The approach for road extraction integrates multiresolution segmentation and object oriented classification. Road extraction is done from an IKONOS (MSS) image and a Hyperion and IKONOS (MSS) merged image and comparisons are made depending on accuracy and quality measures such as completeness and correctness. This article also emphasises the types of roads which are giving better accuracy of extraction after fusion with hyperspectral image. This can vary because of types of material and condition of roads. The methodology was applied on roads of Dehradun, India.Keywords: hyperspectral image; image fusion: automatic road extraction IntroductionAttaining geospatial information is most important in spatial decision making and many applications in remote sensing and geographic information systems. When considering geospatial information for decision making for problems related to an urban environment, roads form an integral part of the data requirement. Rangwala (2000) described roads as a man-made linear feature, generally rectangular, which divides the town in more or less rectangular sectors. Detailed and accurate information about the road network is the foundation for comprehensive management and planning of transportation infrastructure and assets. Quality standards for the required data have evolved considerably over the last decades. Remote sensing has the potential to provide detailed road mapping and may offer more up-to-date and economical methods to improve road network updating. The geometry and structure of road surfaces result in a spectrally indistinct response with a high amount of spatial variability. These factors become even more complex and complicated within urban areas, where the road network is generally dense. The abundant presence of structures such as roofs, transportation surfaces, vegetation,

Mandalay, the second largest city in Myanmar, is situated near the Sagaing Fault (the major fault in Myanmar) and so it’s a seismic prone area. In Mandalay region, the number of low-rise buildings is much more than that of high-rise buildings. And hence, the seismic safety assessment of low-rise building takes an important role to survive and develop Mandalay as smart city. Detailed seismic evaluation can determine the seismic performance level of the buildings and can give strategies to technically retrofit the structures. First of all, rapid visual screening and preliminary evaluation must be carried out to identify the buildings which need the detailed assessment. Thus, in this study, the rapid visual screening (RVS) and preliminary evaluation will be executed for 26 number of three to eight story RC buildings are investigated for the requirements of detailed assessment with three different RVS and preliminary evaluation methods. The methods used are FEMA P-154, Indian standards and Bangladesh methods. According to the investigation, the results given by FEMA P-154 level 1 and level 2 are more vulnerable than that of other methods. Seismic elevation using seismic index method by Bangladesh can give a reliable data for detail seismic evaluation and retrofit method.

The slenderness ratio is one of the most important factors for the steel compression members and the initial displacement and residual stress are most widely used in practical fields while considering initial imperfection factors as they show significant influence in the decreasing of the ultimate strength. Present work emphasizes on the capacity analysis of T-section steel compression member with the initial imperfection to predict the ultimate strength of T-section members as there were some difficulties in fully understanding and introducing initial imperfection into 3D FE models. To fulfill the goal, finite element models with different slenderness ratios are considered to assess the good accuracy in numerical results and ultimate strength formulae of T-section steel compression members are established for both beam and shell element models. Comparison between numerical results of current work and some design strength such as JSBH 2012, AASHTO 2010, etc., were performed to confirm the agreement between current work and existing design strength. Moreover, the influence of initial displacement and residual stress on beam and shell element models was investigated. The parametric study of relative loads Vs relative displacement due to initial imperfection regarding slenderness ratio was also presented. According to the numerical analyses results, initial displacement affects more in beam element models and residual stresses affect more in shell element models. For the models considering both initial imperfection factors, effects in shell elements models are more dominant. The ultimate stresses get form present study's formula show slightly higher values than the design strength of existing codes.

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