1. An experiment was conducted to determine the temperature for wet extrusion of full-fat soyabeans (FFS) needed to produce maximum chicken performance. 2. FFS were either unprocessed or extruded at 5 different temperatures (118 degrees, 120 degrees, 122 degrees, 126 degrees and 140 degrees C) in a wet extruder. Diets were prepared with the different FFS, and a diet prepared with soyabean meal (SBM) was included as a control. The 7 experimental diets were fed to individual groups of 40 chickens each, for a period of 35 d. Trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), urease activity (UA), and protein solubility in potassium hydroxide (PS) were measured in all FFS and in the SBM. 3. Diets prepared with raw FFS and FFS extruded at 118 degrees and 120 degrees C resulted in significantly lower body weights and in pancreatic hypertrophy; maximum growth rate was obtained with FFS extruded at 122 degrees and 126 degrees C, while minimum pancreas weight was seen in chickens fed FFS extruded at 140 degrees C. 4. Although TIA, UA, and PS all decreased with increasing temperature of extrusion, TIA provided the best prediction of the feeding value of soyabeans for chickens.

The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is considered one of the world’s major agricultural pest groups, attacking a wide range of crop hosts and causing considerable crop loss. Understanding the interactions between whiteflies and host plants promotes the development of novel strategies for controlling whiteflies. This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical alterations caused by induced resistance in soybean plants, challenged by B. tabaci. The experiment was performed at the Federal University of Technology, Parana. Soybean seeds (cv. BRS 284) were sown in polyethylene pots in the greenhouse. The elicitors sprayed on the soybean leaves were: acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM-0.005%); Salicylic Acid (SA-2Mm); foliar phosphite (ULTRA K®-0.004%); Chitosan (CH-1%); and silicon (SI-0.25%); whilst the control group was sprayed with distilled water. Plants were infested with 50 adult whiteflies in the cages that were released after applying the treatments. At 0, 24, 48 and 96 hours after the beginning of the experiment, biochemical analyses of total proteins and the activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidases (PO), phenolic compounds, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase were made. The results showed that the application of elicitors increased the route of the phenylpropanoids with the activation of PAL and formation of phenolic compounds. It was also verified the activation of pathogenicity-related enzymes such as peroxidases and chitinase.

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom widely used in Eastern countries and currently in global scale. Its fruiting body and mycelium are composed by polysaccharides, triterpenes and more than 200 secondary metabolites. These compounds exhibit a range of bioactivities, such as anti-inflammatory, antitumorigenic, antibacterial and antifungal action. Several scientific publications have demonstrated the potential and performance of G. lucidum compounds in the control of diseases in animals and humans. However, there is a lack of information on the effect of their compounds on the phytopathogens control, whether directly or by activating plant defense mechanisms. In the search of new molecules that has induced activity and disease control, this study was aimed to evaluate the bioactive compounds produced by G. lucidum through liquid culture under elicitation to control powdery mildew (Erysiphe diffusa) in soybean plants. The compounds tested were: C01-distilled water, C02-copper oxychloride (1 L ha-1), FC01-filtered mycelial growth of G. lucidum without elicitation, FC02-G. lucidum filtration of lignin elicitation and FC03-G. lucidum filtration from SA elicitation. The upper part of the plant was sprayed at 20 % (v/v) concentration and 10 mL per plant were applied. All data were analyzed using R® software. The Ganoderma filtrates have shown the induction of resistance potential in soybean plants by the activation of phytoalexins, activation of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, increase of phenolic compounds, peroxidases and chitinase activity, such induction has specificity in relation to time activation and association with elicitors. New studies should be considered, seeking to identify and isolate the active principles present in the filtrates, as well as to evaluate the action of these substances in other pathosystems of agricultural interest.

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