<p><strong>Aim:</strong> The fundamental rationale for a systematic literature review is to examine opportunities and challenges in the privatization of solid waste management, and share knowledge to spark and inspire a process that will usher in public private partnership to ensure cities are kept clean for habitability. <strong>Methodology and Results:</strong> A systematic review of the literature using information obtained from different sources was performed. The Google Search Engine was used to search for these articles. During the search numerous combinations of words and phrases were used to ensure articles reflect the most recent knowledge and scholarly works. Only peer-reviewed articles published after 2000 were selected, except extracts perceived to be of fundamental mileage to the study. However, articles published by staunch international organizations working in privatization of solid waste management for years which had produced indefatigable knowledge in the field were stealthily appraised. The privatization of solid waste management has resulted in some successes which include, but not restricted to: effectiveness, cost saving, timely service delivery, access to funding and expansion, quality services, partnership and community participation, cleanliness and healthy environment, jobs creation and better income, elimination of public monopoly and promotion of competition, new technologies and innovative techniques, public sector concentration on supervision, resources conservation and protection from risks; less bureaucracy and prompt action regarding concerns and complaints. <strong>Conclusion, significance and impact of study:</strong> With a well-thought model and proper public supervision, the privatization of solid of waste management can deliver habitable cities, though not without negative impacts and obstacles.</p>

Many daily habits relates to the condition of dentition. Therefore it is interesting to study in the coastal society that has unique daily habit and food, that may affect the condition of their dentition. This research used ethnography method. This method has two way to get information, (1) interview and (2) observation. Researcher lived in Dusun Tawang Kulon, District Sidomulyo, sub Ngadirojo, Pacitan for 1 month. Researcher interviewed 19 people age 30-90 years old and experienced tooth illnesses condition. Qualitative data analysis use data collection, categorization of the data obtained, resulting domain, interpretation and conclusions. The result of this research shows that society in Tawang Kulon, District Sidomulyo, sub Ngadirojo practice several types of behavior that relate to tooth condition. That three types human behavior are (1) dietary behavior, for example is how to make gaplek flour and food flavour, (2) incidental cultural behavior, for example using toothpicks (3) intentional cultural modification, for example nginang-bethel nut chewing, and pangur-teeth-filing. In term of oral health, prevention is not very common. As long as the society did not feel any pain, they did not seek for medication. When there is toothache , first, they did nothing expecting the pain will go away by itself. Second they will try heal using traditional medication or over-the-counter medication such as pain killer. If the pain persists, then, they visit the dentist or dental nurse.

This study regarding the selection of treatment between traditional medicine or medical treatment that is utilized by the community in an effort to cure disease. Doctors and shaman are two professions are known to the public, but using a different way. The aim of this research was to determine the meaning of a healthy and pain for the people of Jeru, know the reasons for choosing the traditional healing methods (shaman) or methods of medical treatment (doctor), and determine the factors that drive to determine the method of treatment. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach. The research location selected is Jeru Village, District Tumpang, Malang. This location was chosen as the study site because in this village still found a system of traditional medicine (shaman), and can still be found some medical personnel and some healers (shaman) are frequently visited by the public. Jeru's people including homogeneous society. Determination of informants consists of 24 informants consisting of offender treatment, the patient, family, and also family health actors. In collecting the data, researchers used observation and interview techniques. Jeru's society looked healthy and sick are people who feel the presence and absence of disturbances in the body when carrying out its activities. The reason for choosing a method of healing is based on trust, severity of illness, and the cause of the disease. The factors that drive a person to determine the treatment method chosen is based on internal and external factors. Internal comes from a person who wants a cure, while external factors derived from the experience of the people or the community who had suffered from the same disease, and healing which had healed. Early action before choosing between traditional healing or healing of the medical treatment itself. If it is the disease getting worse, then the sick person is looking for other relief efforts, which include traditional medicine, or medical treatment.Keywords: medical treatment, traditional medicine/shaman, sick, healthy, healing Abstrak Penelitian ini mengenai pemilihan pengobatan antara pengobatan tradisional atau pengobatan medis yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat dalam upaya penyembuhan penyakit. Dokter dan penyembuh adalah dua profesi yang amat dikenal masyarakat, tetapi dengan memakai cara yang berbeda. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah mengetahui makna sehat dan sakit bagi masyarakat Jeru, mengetahui alasan dipilihnya metode penyembuhan tradisional (penyembuh) atau metode pengobatan medis (dokter), dan mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mendorong untuk menentukan metode pengobatannya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian yang dipilih adalah Desa Jeru, Kecamatan Tumpang, Kabupaten Malang. Dipilihnya lokasi ini sebagai lokasi penelitian disebabkan karena di desa ini masih ditemukan sistem pengobatan tradisional, dan masih bisa ditemukan beberapa tenaga medis dan beberapa penyembuh yang banyak dikunjungi oleh masyarakat. Ma...

This study regarding the selection of treatment between traditional medicine or medical treatment that is utilized by the community in an effort to cure disease. Doctors and shaman are two professions are known to the public, but using a different way. The aim of this research was to determine the meaning of a healthy and pain for the people of Jeru, know the reasons for choosing the traditional healing methods (shaman) or methods of medical treatment (doctor), and determine the factors that drive to determine the method of treatment. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach. The research location selected is Jeru Village, District Tumpang, Malang. This location was chosen as the study site because in this village still found a system of traditional medicine (shaman), and can still be found some medical personnel and some healers (shaman) are frequently visited by the public. Jeru’s people including homogeneous society. Determination of informants consists of 24 informants consisting of offender treatment, the patient, family, and also family health actors. In collecting the data, researchers used observation and interview techniques. Jeru’s society looked healthy and sick are people who feel the presence and absence of disturbances in the body when carrying out its activities. The reason for choosing a method of healing is based on trust, severity of illness, and the cause of the disease. The factors that drive a person to determine the treatment method chosen is based on internal and external factors. Internal comes from a person who wants a cure, while external factors derived from the experience of the people or the community who had suffered from the same disease, and healing which had healed. Early action before choosing between traditional healing or healing of the medical treatment itself. If it is the disease getting worse, then the sick person is looking for other relief efforts, which include traditional medicine, or medical treatment

Summary.Primary objective : To show that socio-economically dependent cultural bias distorts results of the status quo method of estimating age at ® rst menstruation. Methods : Questionnaires asking for menstrual status and the recalled age at menarche were distributed to approximately 1000 Javanese girls who attended junior and senior high schools in Malang. Age of participants ranged from 11.98 to 18.89 years. Probit analysis was applied to the status quo data while average menarcheal age recalled by girls 5 16 year old was also calculated. t-test, F-test, ANOVA and À 2 tests were applied to test signi® cance of di erences between groups. Main outcome and results : Girls of low occupational status fathers (Group 1) had a probit average menarcheal age of 13.99 years …SDˆ1:33; nˆ524 †. Girls of medium occupational status fathers (Group 2), had a lower probit average menarcheal age …13:06 SDˆ1:38; nˆ315 †. Girls of fathers with the highest occupational score (Group 3) rarely reported premenarcheal status (less than 10% in all age groups studied) and the probit analysis of their reports yielded an unbelievable average of 9.61 …SDˆ3:41, nˆ157 † years. Group 3 girls tend to report their menarcheal status incorrectly, probably due to a`fashion' of appearing mature or to`contagion' during ® lling out of a questionnaire. The recalled average menarcheal age of Group 3 females questioned when they were aged 16 years and above, yields an average that seems to be more reliable (12.74 years, SDˆ1:41, nˆ7), because at a fully postmenarcheal age there is no need to enhance one's status by falsely claiming maturity.