Protein aggregation can cause diseases and hinder the production of useful recombinant proteins. The present study showed that at least three types of aggregates can be formed from tryptophan synthase α-subunit (αTS) by varying conditions: (1) an opaque white precipitous aggregate, (2) a transparent gel-like precipitous aggregate, and (3) an unprecipitous aggregate. Macroscopically different aggregate types might suggest different mechanisms underlying aggregation processes.

Introduction: Chin-tuck are effective in patients with dysphagia, where aspiration can occur due to pharyngeal swallowing delays. This study aims to verify whether Chin-tuck Assistant System Maneuver (CAS-M) supplemented with Chin-Tuck Maneuver (CTM) is effective for learning and maintaining correct chin-tuck postures. In addition, we investigated the possibility of using CAS-M as a customized rehabilitation treatment program for patients with poor cognitive ability, attention issues, and general swallowing disorders. Intervention: To demonstrate the effectiveness of CAS, we recruited 52 healthy adults and assigned them to 2 groups. The CTM group was trained to maintain the correct chin-tuck posture using the general Chin-Tuck Maneuver, while the CAS-M group was trained using CAS. Four evaluations were conducted using CAS to investigate the degree of postural maintenance of chin-tuck before and after intervention. Results: The CAS-M group showed a statistically significant difference in TIME, BEEP, and change ( P < .05), but the CTM group showed no statistically significant differences ( P < .05). YZ evaluation showed no statistically significant differences in both groups. Conclusion: After examining the effects of CAS-M using CAS on healthy adults, we confirmed this to be a more effective method for correct chin-tuck posture than conventional CTM.