Anterior prostate cancer had pathological features and favorable oncologic outcomes comparable to those of posterior prostate cancer but also more frequent Gleason score upgrading. Magnetic resonance imaging had moderate diagnostic performance for detecting lesions in the anterior prostate.

measured using magnetic resonance imaging, and serum testosterone concentration, with adverse pathological outcomes and BCR. RESULTSThere was a positive correlation between preoperative prostate volume and prostate weight ( r = 0.685, P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, prostate volume was inversely associated with the outcomes of high-grade prostate cancer ( P = 0.044), extracapsular extension ( P = 0.011) and BCR ( P = 0.016). There was also a positive correlation between serum testosterone level and prostate volume ( r = 0.136, P = 0.043). Multivariate analysis showed that lower serum testosterone levels correlated with adverse pathological stage and a pathological Gleason score of ≥ 8 ( P = 0.042). However, there was no relationship between serum testosterone level and BCR after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSIONSMen with smaller prostates had unfavourable pathological findings and were at greater risk of progression after RP. Low serum testosterone levels were not associated with tumour progression. Therefore, another mechanism, aside from hormonal factors, might be involved in unfavourable outcomes in patients with a small prostate.