Aim      To identify clinical, echocardiographic, and angiographic factors related with an increase in the frontal QRS-T angle (fQRS-T) and the spatial QRS-T angle (sQRS-T) in patients with inferior myocardial infarction.Material and methods  The study included 128 patients aged (median [25th percentile; 75th percentile]) 59.5 [51.5; 67.0] years diagnosed with inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. fQRS-T was calculated as a module of difference between the QRS axis and the Т axis in the frontal plane. sQRS-T was calculated by a synthesized vectorcardiogram as a spatial angle between the QRS and Т integral vectors.Results The fQRS-T for the group was 54.0 [18; 80] and sQRS-T was 80.1 [53; 110]. The correlation coefficient for fQRS-T and sQRS-T values was 0.42 (p<0.001). Both fQRS-T >80° and sQRS-T >110° compared to their lower values were associated with a higher frequency of history of postinfarction cardiosclerosis (44% and 12 %, respectively; p<0.05), a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (51 [47; 60]% at fQRS-T >80° and 55 [50; 60]% at fQRS-T <80° (p<0,05); 49 [44; 57]% at sQRS-T >110° and 57 [51; 60] % at sQRS-T <110° (p<0.01); more frequent development of acute heart failure (16 and 2 %, respectively; p<0.05); and early postinfarction angina (13 and 2 %, respectively; p<0.05). The increased fQRS-T was associated with a higher incidence of damage to the circumflex artery (45 and 20 %, respectively; p<0.05). The increased sQRS-T was associated with a history of arterial hypertension (97 and 76 %, respectively; p<0.05), chronic heart failure (22 and 3 %, respectively; p<0.05), chronic kidney disease (19 and 4 %, respectively; p<0.05), and a larger myocardial lesion (mean number of damaged segments by echocardiography was 3.8 [2; 6] at sQRS-T >110° and 2.6 [1; 4] at sQRS-T <110°; p<0.01). sQRS-T was significantly greater in multivascular damage (87 [68; 121]° than in one- or two-vascular damage (72 [51; 100]°; p<0.05). sQRS-T values were significantly lower with spontaneous reperfusion (66 [29; 79] than without spontaneous reperfusion (77 [55; 115]°; p<0.05).Conclusion      In patients after inferior wall acute myocardial infarction, increases in fQRS-T and sQRS-T were associated with more severe damage of coronary vasculature, decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, and more severe course of disease.

Aim      To evaluate structural characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques (ASP) by coronary computed tomography arteriography (CCTA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).Material and methods  This study included 37 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). 64-detector-row CCTA, coronarography, and grayscale IVUS were performed prior to coronary stenting. The ASP length and burden, remodeling index (RI), and known CT signs of unstable ASP (presence of dot calcification, positive remodeling of the artery in the ASP area, irregular plaque contour, presence of a peripheral high-density ring and a low-density patch in the ASP). The ASP type and signs of rupture or thrombosis were determined by IVUS.Results The IVUS study revealed 45 unstable ASP (UASP), including 25 UASP with rupture and 20 thin-cap fibroatheromas (TCFA), and 13 stable ASP (SASP). No significant differences were found between distribution of TCFA and ASP with rupture among symptom-associated plaques (SAP, n=28) and non-symptom-associated plaques (NSAP, n=30). They were found in 82.1 and 73.3 % of cases, respectively (p>0.05), which indicated generalization of the ASP destabilization process in the coronary circulation. However, the incidence of mural thrombus was higher for SAP (53.5 and 16.6 % of ASP, respectively; p<0.001). There was no difference between UASP and SASP in the incidence of qualitative ASP characteristics or in values of quantitative ASP characteristics, including known signs of instability, except for the irregular contour, which was observed in 92.9 % of UASP and 46.1 % of SASP (p=0.0007), and patches with X-ray density ≤46 HU, which were detected in 83.3 % of UASP and 46.1 % of SASP (р=0.01). The presence of these CT criteria 11- and 7-fold increased the likelihood of unstable ASP (odd ratio (OR), 11.1 at 95 % confidence interval (CI), from 2.24 to 55.33 and OR, 7.0 at 95 % CI, from 5.63 to 8.37 for the former and the latter criterion, respectively).Conclusion      According to IVUS data, two X-ray signs are most characteristic for UASP, the irregular contour and a patch with X-ray density ≤46 HU. The presence of these signs 11- and 7-fold, respectively, increases the likelihood of unstable ASP.

Цель исследования. Сравнение особенностей строения атеросклеротических бляшек (АСБ) в коронарных артериях (КА) у больных с острым коронарным синдромом (ОКС) и стабильной стенокардией (СС). По данным компьютерной томографии (КТ). Материал и методы. Исследование выполнено у 125 больных: с ОКС (n = 94) и СС (n = 31). КТ КА с использованием томографа с 64 рядами де- текторов проводилась до стентирования КА. Определялись тип, протяженность, бремя АСБ, индекс ремоделирования (ИР), а также признаки нестабильности АСБ: наличие точечных кальцинатов, положительное ремоделирование артерии, неровность контура, наличие кольцевидного усиления плотности по периферии АСБ и участка низкой рентгеновской плотности <46 HU. Результаты. В группе больных с ОКС (n = 250 АСБ) по сравнению со СС (n = 81 АСБ) достоверно чаще определялись мягкие бляшки и до- стоверно реже — кальцинированные: n = 127 (50,8%) и n = 26 (32,1%), p = 0,0046; n = 24 (9,6%) и n = 25 (30,9%), p = 0,0011. При срав- нении совокупности мягких и комбинированных АСБ группы ОКС (n=226) и СС (n=56) в группе с ОКС значение ИР было значимо выше (1,20 [1,14; 1,32] и 1,13 [1,05; 1,25], p = 0,0008), а неровность контура определялась достоверно чаще (n = 170 (75%) и n = 30 (54%), p = 0,003). Наоборот, протяженность поражения была больше в группе больных с СС (18 [15; 21,7] мм и 13 [9; 20] мм, p < 0,0001). При ОКС симптом-связанные бляшки (ССБ, n = 87) отличались от симптом-несвязанных бляшек (СНБ, n = 139) более частым наличием неровности контура (n = 72, 83% и n = 97, 70%, p = 0,040), более высокими значениями бремени (90,0 [80,0; 99,0]% и 70,0 [60,0; 85,0]%, p = 0,0001) и протяженности (15 [10; 22] мм и 12 [8; 18] мм, p = 0,038). Достоверных различий остальных характеристик в сравниваемых подгруппах АСБ выявлено не было. Заключение. При ОКС достоверно чаще определялись мягкие АСБ, а при СС — кальцинированные, при этом в мягких и комбинированных коронарных АСБ в группе больных с ОКС отмечались достоверно более высокий индекс ремоделирования, меньшая протяженность и более частое выявление неровности контура. У пациентов с ОКС отсутствовали достоверные различия значений большинства КТ характеристик АСБ между ССБ и СНБ, что может быть следствием генерализации процесса дестабилизации бляшек в КА. Aim. To compare the structural features of coronary artery (CA) atherosclerotic plaques (ASP) in patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) by computed tomography (CT). Material and methods. The study consists of 125 patients: with ACS (n = 94) and SAP (n = 31). CT angiography (Multislice CT 64; 100-120 ml contrast agent) was performed before coronary angiography. We have estimated type, length, burden of ASP, remodeling index (IR), as well as signs of plaque’s vulnerability — the presence of spotty calcifications, positive remodeling of the artery, rough contour, «ring-like” enhancement and area of low X-ray density < 46 HU. Results. In the group of patients with ACS (n = 250 ASP) compared with SAP (n = 81 ASP) frequency of soft plaques was significantly higher and calcified plaques were significantlylower: n = 127 (50,8%) and n = 26 (32,1%), p = 0,0046; n = 24 (9,6%) and n = 25 (30,9%), p = 0,0011. Comparing only soft and combined ASP inthe ACS group (n = 226) and SAP (n =5 6), in the ACS group, the RI was significantly higher (1,20 [1,14; 1,32] and 1,13 [1,05; 1,25], p = 0,0008), and rough contour was determined significantly more often (n = 170 (75%) and n = 30 (54%), p = 0,003). The length of the lesion was greater in the group of patients with SAP (18 [15; 21,7] mm and 13 [9-20] mm, p < 0,0001). In ACS culprit lessions (n = 87) differed from non-culprit lessions (n = 139) in more frequent presence of rough contour (n = 72, 83%, and n = 97, 70%, p = 0,040), higher values of the burden (90,0 [80,0; 99,0]% and 70,0 [60,0; 85,0]%, p = 0,0001) and length (15 [10; 22] mm and 12 [8; 18] mm, p = 0,038). Conclusion. In ACS soft ASP were significantly more often determined, and in SAP – calcified ones. In ACS, compared with SAP, soft and combined coronary ASP had a significantly higher remodeling index, a shorter length and more frequent detection of contour irregularities. In patients with ACS, there were no significant differences in most of CT plaque’s characteristics between culprit and non-culprit lessions, which may be a consequence of the “generalization of the process plaque’s destabilizing”

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Das Furanon (I) wird durch Reaktion mit DMF oder mit DMSO in das Furandion (II) übergeführt.