The papers in these proceedings are reproduced essentially as supplied by the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This symposium was held before the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; thus, current names of some institutions and political entities in the former U.S.S.R. may differ from those cited in papers in these proceedings. Commercial companies and products are mentioned in this publication solely to provide specific information. Mention of a company does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of its products by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or an endorsement by the Department over products of other companies not mentioned. This publication also reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recom¬ mendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and Federal agencies before they can be recommended.