Farming plays a significant role in the Indian economy. Over 53% of the rural households depend on agriculture as their chief means of livelihood with 52% share in employment. India has blessed with all the things, which are required for the development of the country, like the availability of needed precipitation, most significant human resource, diversifies biodiversity and the year around market demand. However, the share of agriculture to the GDP in 1951 was around 54%, which was less than 16% in 2017-2018. During the globalization period around 1991-1992, on a perception of increasing productivity, farmers followed the indiscriminate application of an enormous quantity of fertilizers, chemicals, overexploitation of groundwater and natural resources was observed. Due to this, the input cost has been increasing day by day and farming has become unrewarding over the years. Because of this, the farm income is increasingly declining, so the majority Abstract Farming in India is experiencing a structural change leading to a crisis. The growth rate of agricultural output is steadily declining in recent years. The relative contribution of the farming sector to the total GDP has been decreasing over time increasingly. The present study was conducted in Ahmedabad district of Gujarat, India. Total 100 agricultural landholders from 20 villages were selected to identify factors experienced by them for avoiding farming as a livelihood by employing Ex-Post-Facto research design. It is observed that 'r' computed between factors to avoid agriculture as a livelihood and age (0.589), education (0.330), farming experience (0.250), occupation (0.446), livestock possession (0.207), annual income (− 0.236) was found to be significant at 0.01 level of significance. It could be observed from regression analysis that the personal factors had a powerful effect (0.730) on avoiding agriculture as a profession, influencing in a positive direction. Followed by this, economic factor (0.291) and social factor (0.229) also influenced positively and significantly. The information on the personal, social, economic, psychological, market, situational, labor and next-generation factors experienced by agricultural landholders is analyzed to have in-depth knowledge of each factor. The analyzed suggestions will help to make agriculture a profitable enterprise and attract the farmers and youths to continue the farming activities. The solution to the problem is not in a few packages and programs but in drastic changes in the present policies related to agriculture need to be focused. Other sector's growth and development must not be at the cost of agriculture. which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

SUMMARY :The study was conducted to develop and standardize the reliable and valid scale, to measure attitude of women towards kitchen gardening. Appropriate statistical methods 'scale product method' was used, which combines Thurston and Likert techniques. Twenty one statements were selected for judgment; a panel of 50 judges was requested to assign the score for each statement on five point continuum. Based on the scale (median) and Q values, eleven statements were finally selected to constitute attitude of women towards kitchen gardening.How to cite this article : Saini, H. and Chauhan, N.B. (2017). Development and standardization of attitude scale of women towards kitchen gardening. Agric. Update, 12(4): 735-737;

SUMMARY :The study to know constraints faced by the banana growers in adoption of risk management practices in drip irrigated banana cultivation was conducted on a random sample of 220 drip irrigated banana growers in Anand district of Gujarat state. The data were collected by personal contacts.Major economic problems faced by the banana growers in management of risk in drip irrigated banana cultivation were heavy cost of installation of drip irrigation system, high cost of fuel to use engines for irrigation and high cost of spare parts of drip irrigation system. As far as technological constraints faced by the banana growers were lack of sufficient electricity, problem of salty ground water and difficulty in interculturing operations. Non-availability of quality material of DIS with reasonable rates, lack of technical guidance from company agent in time and delay in sanction of loan and subsidy were the major administrative constraints faced by the banana growers. Whereas, in case of marketing related constraints faced by the banana growers were absences of support price during glut in the market, high cost of transportation and lack of timely information regarding demand and supply of the produce. Personal and socio-psychological constraints faced by the farmers in management of risk during drip irrigated banana cultivation were lack of knowledge about schedule of water soluble fertilizers application, lack of knowledge about use of fertilizers, liquid fertilizers, GR etc. and lack of knowledge about plant protection of banana crop. While, lack of knowledge about export procedure, lengthy procedures and formalities for export of produce and lack of knowledge about minimum residual level of chemical were the major export related constraints faced by the banana growers in drip irrigated banana cultivation.

The study on the attitude and willingness of sons of the practising dairy farmers towardspermanently working in a rural area was carried on milk-producing districts of Anand andKheda of Gujarat state with 200 sample size. The study reveals that the majority (96.50%)of the sons of practising dairy farmers had a favourable to highly favourable attitude towardspermanently working in the rural area. It also concludes that the majority (80.50%) of thedairy farmers’ sons had poor overall willingness to stay physically to work in the ruralarea. The relationship of the attitude of young dairy sons of dairy farmers towardspermanently working in the rural area was positively and significantly correlated with theirage, marital status, scientific orientation, economic motivation and attitude towards farming,while it was negatively significant with the level of their father’s education. The willingnessto work in the rural area was observed positively and significantly correlated with theirlevel of father’s education, while it was negatively significant with their achievementmotivation, self-confidence, scientific orientation, economic motivation and attitude towardsfarming.

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