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Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen causing dental infection and systemic infections in human body. This organism decreases susceptibility to several types of antibiotics every day and becomes more resistant which is a growing sense of concern in this era. Considering this fact, the study was attempted to characterize the S. aureus from human dental infection and to determine the antibiogram profile of isolates. Sixty four (64) samples were collected from the patients with dental infection who visited different dental clinics and hospitals in Mymensingh, Bangladesh for treatment. Isolation and identification of S. aureus were conducted by using cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics. Polymerase chain reaction was performed for final confirmation of S. aureus followed by detection of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) targeting mecA and mecC genes. Antibiotic susceptibility test of isolated bacteria was tested against seven antibiotics by disk diffusion methods. Forty isolates among 64 samples were found positive for S. aureus based on cultural characteristics. Among them 30 isolates were found positive in coagulase test. Depending on the result of coagulase test, all the 30 isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test and among them 25 were 100% resistant to penicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin. All the 25 isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify methicillin resistant gene mecA and mecC. Eight isolates were positive for mecA gene while no isolates were positive for mecC. The present findings conclude that S. aureus is prevalent in dental infections and contain methicillin resistant genes.

Aim: Microbiological risk analysis of ready-to-eat fast foods for sale on the campus of Bangladesh Agricultural University was undertaken to understand the contribution of such foods to foodborne disease. Materials and Methods: From each of 10 randomly selected fast food outlets, a total of 120 samples of six food items were collected to assess common microbial load. In parallel, vendors were asked about their food production and selling practices, while consumers (n=200) were asked about their consumption of fast foods and whether they had experienced symptoms of foodborne disease. Results: Aerobic plate count (APC) varied from 6.92 to 7.24 log colony-forming unit (cfu)/g, Staphylococcus spp. 4.67 to 5.15 log cfu/g, Salmonella spp. 3.67 to 4.22 log cfu/g, and Escherichia coli 4.10 to 4.58 log cfu/g. Microbial risk assessment of Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and E. coli for daily, weekly, or monthly consumption was estimated by Monte Carlo simulation (10,000 iterations). The consumer survey showed 57% chance of being infected by ready-to-eat fast food samples. The calculated mean annual risks of Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and E. coli infection were about 100% in all cases. Conclusion: Thus, the study revealed high risk of infection associated with the consumption of ready-to-eat fast foods.

The present study is aimed at investigating clinical poultry diseases in an Upazila Government Veterinary Hospital of Bangladesh through passive surveillance and to know the frequency distribution of antimicrobial drugs prescription pattern. The study was conducted in Ramu Upazila Government Veterinary Hospital under Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh from February to March, 2016. A total of 180 cases including 73 broiler, 84 layer, 18 duck and 5 pigeon were included in this study. Diseases were diagnosed based on clinical history, clinical signs, post mortem lesions and rapid kit test. The most prevalent diseases were Newcastle disease (ND) 17.8% (95% CI 12-24%), colibacillosis 11.5% (95% CI 6-17%), infectious bursal disease (IBD) 10.8% (95% CI 6-16%) and aspergillosis 9.6% (95% CI 5-14%) in broiler and layer chickens; duck plague 69.6% (95% CI 49-90%) in duck and pigeon pox 13% (95% CI 0.2-24%) in pigeon. Regarding production type, the prevalence of colibacillosis, IBD and aspergillosis was significantly higher in broiler chickens (17.8, 19.2 and 16.4%) when compared with layer chickens (6.0, 3.6 and 3.6%) (p<0.05). On the contrary, ND and avian influenza (AI) were significantly greater in layer (27.4 and 10.7%) than broiler chickens (6.8 and 1.4%). Within age group, aspergillosis and omphalitis were higher at 1 to 10 days age groups while IBD and ND were greater in older age groups. In layer chickens, the prevalence of ND, AI, salmonellosis and fowl cholera were recorded higher in number between the ages of 9 and 83 weeks. Among the antibiotic drugs, ciprofloxacin (46.7%), colistin (42.2%), trimethoprim and sulphur drug (37.8%) were mostly prescribed to treat the diseases. Poor biosecurity practices and lack of appropriate laboratory diagnostic facilities are associated with these disease distributions in the study area. Strict biosecurity and continuous surveillance program can minimize the disease prevalence.

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