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is believed to have coined the term self-esteem in 1642 (Jordan, 2001), and he even used it in his epic poem Paradise Lost ("Ofttimes nothing profits more / Than self-esteem, grounded on just and right / Well managed"; Milton, 1674/2004. This construct was introduced to the field of psychology more than two centuries later by William James (1890), who described self-esteem as the sense of positive self-regard that develops when individuals consistently meet or exceed the important goals in their lives. Today, self-esteem is defined as the evaluative aspect of self-knowledge that reflects the extent to which individuals like themselves and believe they are competent (e.g., Brown & Marshall, 2006;Tafarodi & Swann, 1995). Individuals with high self-esteem have relatively positive attitudes toward themselves, whereas those with low self-esteem have either

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