Physical abuse during pregnancy was up to 18%. 6 These numbers are particularly disturbing given the respected and valued roles traditionally held by Aboriginal women within their families and communities. 7 Although gender roles varied across communities, Aboriginal cultural traditions "make it unthinkable" that VAW is somehow inherent to Aboriginal cultures. 8 When violence did occur, intervention by old women and extended family members helped to protect women from abuse. 8 Researchers argue that colonization brought new forms of violence to Aboriginal communities. 8 A study in Canada found that after adjustment for a range of factors, IPV was still twice as high among Aboriginal versus non-Aboriginal women. 2 It concluded that the unexplained element lends credence to factors related to the "colonization theory" that were not examined in the study. 9 Building on the colonization theory, several pathways have been pinpointed by researchers to explain how colonialism of Aboriginal peoples in Canada could have increased family violence and VAW. The first pathway is through collective violence, including structural discrimination and violations of human rights, which lead directly to increased VAW. 9 A second pathway relates to changing gender roles subsequent to the imposition of European and Christian patriarchal values that destroyed balanced power relations and communal relations between men and women in Aboriginal communities 7 and introduced new forms of violence to these groups. 8,10 A third pathway identified as contributing to high family violence is the impact of colonial policies in Canada, including the forced removal of Aboriginal young children 10 from their families to residential schools where they were no longer permitted

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Background Studies have shown increased rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) during the Covid-19 lockdowns. Healthcare services (HCS) have an important role in detection and screening of women victims of IPV. These women tend to visit the HCS more frequently, which creates an opportunity to detect, screen, and inform them about relevant support services. Methods We conducted an online survey during Israel's 2nd and 3rd lockdowns (October 2020-February 2021). A self-administrated structured questionnaire was distributed in Arabic and Hebrew via social media. Eligibility criteria included women >18 years old. 519 women completed the questionnaire: Palestinian-Arab=73; non-immigrant Jew=319; and immigrant Jew=127. We asked women whether they were ever screened (ES) for IPV or received information (RI) on support services in the HCS. Results 37.2% of the women reported any IPV; Palestinian-Arab women reported higher rates of IPV (49.3%) compared to non-immigrant Jew (34.2%) and immigrant Jew (37.8%). Prevalence of ES and RI on support services were low among the total study sample (21.8%, 47% respectively). Only 12.1% reported on both (ES and RI). Among women who reported IPV, only 26.9% reported that they had been ES, 39.4% RI, and 13.5% both. Whilst Palestinian-Arab women victims of IPV reported higher ES and a lower RI (30.6%,25% respectively) non-immigrant and immigrant Jew reported the opposite -higher prevalence of RI and less ES (non-immigrant Jew 45%,25.7%. Immigrant Jew 37.5%,27%, respectively). In the multivariate analysis after adjusts, Palestinian-Arab women were less likely to RI regarding support services (OR = 0.33,90%CI=0.19-0.57), while immigrant Jew women had a greater chance to be ES in HCS (OR = 4.29, 90% CI=1.43-12.80). Conclusions To increase IPV detection in the HCS, there is a need for interventions on screening and providing information on support services specifically during emergencies where IPV is likely to increase. Key messages