There is a pressing need for the archiving and curation of raw X-ray diffraction data. This information is critical for validation, methods development and improvement of archived structures. However, the relatively large size of these data sets has presented challenges for storage in a single worldwide repository such as the Protein Data Bank archive. This problem can be avoided by using a federated approach, where each institution utilizes its institutional repository for storage, with a discovery service overlaid. Institutional repositories are relatively stable and adequately funded, ensuring persistence. Here, a simple repository solution is described, utilizing Fedora open-source database software and data-annotation and deposition tools that can be deployed at any site cheaply and easily. Data sets and associated metadata from federated repositories are given a unique and persistent handle, providing a simple mechanism for search and retrieval via web interfaces. In addition to ensuring that valuable data is not lost, the provision of raw data has several uses for the crystallographic community. Most importantly, structure determination can only be truly repeated or verified when the raw data are available. Moreover, the availability of raw data is extremely useful for the development of improved methods of image analysis and data processing.
Numerical modelling of aquifers is a standard process in the sustainable management of groundwater resources. To be reliable, a groundwater model requires an accurate geological framework, particularly where structure is complex. The Lagan Valley aquifer near Belfast is an example of an otherwise generally homogenous sandstone aquifer intruded by extensive swarms of low-permeability igneous dykes. The dissection of the aquifer by these dykes affects groundwater flow direction and borehole yield. We have used the Tellus aeromagnetic data to map the extent of these dykes and so improve the geometrical parameterisation of the models. Two methods are described for incorporating the effect of the dykes: a visual deterministic approach and a stochastic approach using Multiple Point Statistics. Both approaches resulted in models that significantly improved matches to observed groundwater levels and flow directions, demonstrating the value of aero-magnetic data for constraining these models.
T he University of Glasgow was founded in 1451. It is the second oldest university in Scotland and the fourth oldest in the UK (after Oxford, Cambridge and St Andrews). By the end of the sixteenth century Scotland had five universities, 1 compared with England's two. 2This situation continued for more than two hundred years: it was only in the nineteenth century that England finally caught up with Scotland. So perhaps one might expect that Scotland would have a long, continuous and colourful history of academic dress. However, as we shall see, that is not the case. The reason can be expressed in two words: the Reformation. The presbyterian Church of Scotland that emerged from the Reformation was much more austere than the episcopalian Church of England, and exerted its influence over many aspects of Scottish life. When studying Glasgow's academic dress, we need to be careful not to over-analyse the available information. For the early periods of the University's history we should take heed of R. G. Cant's words, 3 written in relation to the University of St Andrews but, as we shall see, applying equally to Glasgow: 'It would be a mistake to think that [academic dress] was regulated in the careful and complete manner with which we are familiar … The present elaborate system of academic dress is essentially a Victorian creation. ' For modern times we need to be aware how decisions are taken. The current position is that the academic dress code is not included in the Ordinances and Resolutions of the University Court (Glasgow's equivalent of the charter and statutes of other universities) and is therefore not subject to the formal consultations that take place over new ordinances and resolutions. It is however published in the University Calendar (the annual publication that includes such matters as degree regulations). The decisions on academic dress are taken by the Senate, but these normally consist of approving recommendations from the Academic Dress Committee without discussion. I was a member of that committee from 1990 to 2009. Throughout that period, as was the case for many committees, there was no induction process for new members of the committee, or even for new conveners. New members learned about the work of the committee simply by participating in the infrequent meetings and email discussions. This created the atmosphere that, while the committee did have re-1 The five in order of foundation were:
BACKGROUND: Glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes are involved in detoxifying chemotherapy agents and clearing reactive oxygen species formed by radiation. In this study, we explored the relationship between the host GSTP1-105 polymorphism (rs1695), tumor GSTpi protein expression, and clinical outcomes in pediatric medulloblastoma. We hypothesized that the GSTP1-105 G-allele and increased tumor GSTpi expression would be associated with lower progression-free survival and fewer adverse events. METHODS: The study included 106 medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) patients seen at Texas Children's Cancer Center. Genotyping was performed using an Illumina HumanOmni1-Quad BeadChip and tumor GSTpi expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. We used the Kaplan-Meier method for survival analyses and multivariable logistic regression for toxicity comparisons. RESULTS: Patients with a GSTP1-105 AG/GG genotype or who had received a higher dose of craniospinal radiation (median 36 Gy) had a greater risk of requiring hearing aids than their respective counterparts (OR 4.0, 95%CI 1.2-13.6, and OR 3.1, 95%CI 1.1-8.8, respectively). Additionally, there was a statistically significant interaction between the two variables. Compared with the lowest risk group (GSTP1-105 AA-lower dose radiation) patients with a GSTP1-105 AG/GG genotype who received a higher dose radiation were 8.4 times more likely to require hearing aids (95%CI 1.4-49.9, p-trend ¼ 0.005). When adjusted for age, gender, and amifostine use, the association remained. CONCLUSIONS: The GSTP1-105 G-allele is associated with permanent ototoxicity in pediatric medulloblastoma/PNET and strongly interacts with radiation dose. A possible mechanism for this finding is that the GSTP1-105 G-allele leads to reduced GSTpi free radical detoxification in the setting of multimodality therapy including cisplatin and radiation. Patients with this allele should be considered for clinical trials employing radiation dose modifications and more targeted cytoprotectant strategies than are currently being used with amifostine.
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