Transport aircraft performance is strongly in uenced by the e ectiveness of high-lift systems. Developing wakes generated by the airfoil elements are subjected to strong pressure gradients and can thicken very rapidly, limiting maximum lift. This paper focuses on the e ects of various pressure gradients on developing symmetric wakes and on the ability of a linear eddy viscosity model and a nonlinear explicit algebraic stress model to accurately predict their downstream evolution. In order to reduce the uncertainties arising from numerical issues when assessing the performance of turbulence models, three di erent n umerical codes with the same turbulence models are used. Results are compared to available experimental data to assess the accuracy of the computational results. I n troductionWithin the airframe industry, the optimal design of e cient high-lift devices for take-o and landing conditions is an important issue and one of the most challenging problems. For the current generation of commercial aircraft, such high-lift systems require a simplicity of design but a high level of eciency. A c hieving this goal demands improved Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD design tools that can realistically model the high-lift system ow eld for full scale free ight Reynolds numbers. Diculties are inherent to both the geometric complexity o f m ulti-element airfoils as well as limitations Research Associate, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Department of Aeronautics, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden, Member AIAA.y Senior Research Scientist, Subsonic Aerodynamics Branch, NASA LaRC, Hampton VA, Senior Member AIAA.z Senior Research Scientist, Aerodynamic and Acoustics Methods Branch, NASA LaRC, Hampton VA, Senior Member AIAA.x Senior Research Scientist, Aerodynamic and Acoustics Methods Branch, NASA LaRC, Hampton VA.Copyright c 1999 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. No copyright is asserted in the United States under Title 17, U.S. Code. The U.S. Government has a royalty-free license to exercise all rights under the copyright claimed herein for government purposes. All other rights are reserved by the copyright o wner.in ow p h ysics modeling. The ow eld surroundi n g a m ulti-element airfoil is dominated by v ery complex viscous ow phenomena such as boundary layer transition, laminar separation bubbles, con uent turbulent boundary layers, multiple viscous wake interactions, and possible shock boundary layer interactions. For this reason, the demands are high on the numerical methods used in this type of calculation, and several crucial aspects must be treated in an adequate way. One of these aspects is turbulence modeling.In recent studies, 1,2 analyses of high-lift multielement airfoil con gurations were performed to assess the predictive capability of di erent t ypes of turbulence models. The studies revealed three areas where turbulence model predictions were possibly de cient and which a ected the overall prediction of the ow eld. These areas were the inability to predict transition loca...

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Transport aircraft performance is strongly in uenced by the e ectiveness of high-lift systems. Developing wakes generated by the airfoil elements are subjected to strong pressure gradients and can thicken very rapidly, limiting maximum lift. This paper focuses on the e ects of various pressure gradients on developing symmetric wakes and on the ability of a linear eddy viscosity model and a nonlinear explicit algebraic stress model to accurately predict their downstream evolution. In order to reduce the uncertainties arising from numerical issues when assessing the performance of turbulence models, three di erent n umerical codes with the same turbulence models are used. Results are compared to available experimental data to assess the accuracy of the computational results. I n troductionWithin the airframe industry, the optimal design of e cient high-lift devices for take-o and landing conditions is an important issue and one of the most challenging problems. For the current generation of commercial aircraft, such high-lift systems require a simplicity of design but a high level of eciency. A c hieving this goal demands improved Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD design tools that can realistically model the high-lift system ow eld for full scale free ight Reynolds numbers. Diculties are inherent to both the geometric complexity o f m ulti-element airfoils as well as limitations Research Associate, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Department of Aeronautics, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden, Member AIAA.y Senior Research Scientist, Subsonic Aerodynamics Branch, NASA LaRC, Hampton VA, Senior Member AIAA.z Senior Research Scientist, Aerodynamic and Acoustics Methods Branch, NASA LaRC, Hampton VA, Senior Member AIAA.x Senior Research Scientist, Aerodynamic and Acoustics Methods Branch, NASA LaRC, Hampton VA.Copyright c 1999 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. No copyright is asserted in the United States under Title 17, U.S. Code. The U.S. Government has a royalty-free license to exercise all rights under the copyright claimed herein for government purposes. All other rights are reserved by the copyright o wner.in ow p h ysics modeling. The ow eld surroundi n g a m ulti-element airfoil is dominated by v ery complex viscous ow phenomena such as boundary layer transition, laminar separation bubbles, con uent turbulent boundary layers, multiple viscous wake interactions, and possible shock boundary layer interactions. For this reason, the demands are high on the numerical methods used in this type of calculation, and several crucial aspects must be treated in an adequate way. One of these aspects is turbulence modeling.In recent studies, 1,2 analyses of high-lift multielement airfoil con gurations were performed to assess the predictive capability of di erent t ypes of turbulence models. The studies revealed three areas where turbulence model predictions were possibly de cient and which a ected the overall prediction of the ow eld. These areas were the inability to predict transition loca...

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