SUMMARYA nematode parasitic on prepupae of larch sawfly (Cephalcia lariciphila) appears to be indistinguishable from Neoaplectana carpocapsae. Of three temperatures tested the optimum for development was 25 °C at which most eggs were produced in both the first and second generations. Infective nematodes entered sawfly prepupae through the anus and mouth, but the preferred mode of entry was through the spiracles; prepupal hosts were extremely attractive to infective nematodes. Nematodes overwintered in prepupal hosts and in the soil. Dauerlarvae penetrated 10 cm of packed moist soil to infect prepupae constrained at the bottom of a vertical tube, sawfly mortality decreasing with depth. Dauerlarvae may also migrate 8 cm horizontally, and 5 cm upwards, to invade the host.It is suggested that the nematode could be used to supplement biological control of Cephalcia lariciphila.

Abstract:The entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila was isolated from the hemolymph of Galleria mellonella infected with Steinernema carpocapsae. The bacterial cells and its metabolic secretions have been found lethal to the Galleria larvae. Toxic secretion in broth caused 95% mortality within 4 d of application whereas the bacterial cells caused 93% mortality after 6 d. When filter and sand substrates were compared, the later one was observed as appropriate. Similarly, bacterial cells and secretion in broth were more effective at 14% moisture and 25 °C temperature treatments. Maximum insect mortality (100%) was observed when bacterial concentration of 4×10 6 cells/ml was used. Similarly, maximum bacterial cells in broth (95%) were penetrated into the insect body within 2 h of their application. However, when stored bacterial toxic secretion was applied to the insects its efficacy declined. On the other hand, when the same toxic secretion was dried and then dissolved either in broth or water was proved to be effective. The present study showed that the bacterium, X. nematophila or its toxic secretion can be used as an important component of integrated pest management against Galleria.

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In two laboratory experiments and one pot experiment the influence of the bacterial symbionts Pseudomonas oryzihabitans from Steinernema abbasi and Xenorhabdus nematophilus from S. carpocapsae on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica was investigated. Exposure of egg masses of M. javanica to the bacteria and their metabolites resulted in reduced hatching of second stage juveniles (J2). J2 in contact with the bacteria and their metabolites exhibited disorientation and convulsive movements, but when they were washed and placed in fresh water, many regained normal movement. At dosages of 106 and 107 cells ml-1 mortality was 100% after 24 h exposure, Xenorhabdus being more toxic than Pseudomonas. In soil X. nematophilus was ineffective but P.oryzihabitans prevented invasion of J2 into tomato roots and there was evidence that the bacterium or its metabolites interfered with nematode development in galls. Overall, the results indicate that P.oryzihabitans may provide a possible control strategy for root-knot nematodes. Action nématicide des bactéries Pseudomonas oryzihabitans et Xenorhabdus nematophilus sur le nématode Meloidogyne javanica - Les présentes recherches, au travers de deux expériences au laboratoire et d'une troisième en pots, ont concerné l'influence sur le nématode Meloidogyne javanica des symbiontes bactériens Pseudomonas oryzihinabitans, provenant de Steinernema abbasi, et Xenorhabdus nematophilus, de S. carpocapsae. L'exposition de masses d'œufs de M. javanica aux bactéries et à leurs métabolites a provoqué une diminution de l'éclosion des juvéniles de deuxième stade (J2). Les J2 en contact avec les bactéries et leurs métabolites se sont montrés désorientés et sujets à des mouvements convulsifs mais, après qu'ils aient été lavés et placés dans une eau pure, bon nombre d'entre eux ont recouvré des mouvements normaux. Aux doses de 106 et 107 cellules/ml-1 la mortalité était de 100% après une exposition de 24 h, Xenorhabdus s'étant révélé plus toxique que Pseudomonas . Dans le sol, Xenorhabdus s'est montré inefficace tandis que Pseudomonas empêchait la pénétration des J2 dans les racines de tomate; de plus, il semblerait évident que les bactéries ou leurs métabolites aient une influence sur le développement des nématodes dans les galles. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats indiquent que P.oryzihinabitans peut fournir une éventuelle stratégie de contrôle envers les Meloidogyne.

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