The effect of animal and plant proteases as well as starters, or starter cultures, on protein aggregates for- mation in raw pork and beef as well as meat products was studied. The proteomic analysis of raw meat revealed that animal proteases – pepsin and trypsin – caused the aggregation of isoform 2 of protein 1 containing 4.5 LIM domains. Vacuum packaged meat showed the same results during storage, while unpacking led to the acceleration of the aggregation process due to autolysis. In addition, mixed aggregated fragments, such as muscle creatine phos- phokinase and glutathione-S-transferase, actin and perilipin, and type II keratin appeared in those samples. Starters with Pediococcus pentosaceus 31 from the Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM-8901) caused myoglobin and troponin I aggregation, while the formation of soy proteins aggregates (glycinin G1 and glyci- nin A3B4) was detected in meat products as a result of the autolysis process and the use of cholesterol-lowering star- ters. All in all, proteases which cause protein aggregation may be less effective for raw meat tenderization, whereas the proteins identified may be used as quality biomarkers.
Three types of sausages were studied: without starter cultures; with experimental starter cultures from Moscow State University of Food Production collection; with starter culture Bactoferm SM 194 (Chr. Hansen). No pathogenic bacteria in any sample were revealed. According to the results of PCR-RT, the number of lactic acid bacteria in all samples was about the same - 1x109-2×109 CFU/g. T-RFLP analysis shows the maximum number of lactobacilli sausages with experimental starter cultures averaged 69.59% of the total microbiota. The study of the protein profile of raw smoked sausages showed changes in protein fractions and presumably formation of biologically active peptides.A wide range of peptide mass peaks, with certain differences, was obtained by mass spectrometry. Feces of rats (groups 1-5) were studied by T-RFLP. The proportion of lactobacilli was 2.09% 2.65% and 2.35%, in groups 3-5 respectively. The serum atherogenic index did not differ significantly between the groups due to the low content of non-LDL and non-HDL cholesterol in control rats compared to the other groups. The greatest decrease of serum cholesterol concentration was measured in rats that consumed sausages with experimental starter cultures, mainly due to almost 3-fold (P<0.05) decrease in cholesterol of low-density lipoproteins compared with the control.
Biologically active peptides (BAP) are regarded as the main products of protein hydrolysis. BAP activity depends on the amino acid sequence molecular weight and chain length, type and charge of an amino acid at the N-terminus and C-terminus, hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, spatial structure. They positively influence many systems of the human body, including the blood circulatory, nervous, immune, gastrointestinal and other systems. The health-improving effect of bioactive peptides is formed due to their antioxidant, antihypertensive, antithrombotic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, opioid, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic and anticancer properties. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides are most studied due to their effect on blood pressure regulation. Unlike synthetic preparations, biologically active peptides do not have side effects and, therefore, can be used as their alternative. There is a growing commercial interest in peptides generated from meat proteins is in the context of health saving functional foods. The paper describes prospects, pros and cons of using bioactive peptides as functional food ingredients and biologically active food additives.
Ключевые слова: пептиды, Lactobacillus, T-RFLP, одномерный электрофорез, двумерный электрофорез, протеомика, конина, мясные продукты Аннотация В настоящее время для накопления в мясном сырье функциональных пептидов используют различные методы, в том числе включающие использование спонтанной микрофлоры в ходе автолиза, использование ферментов микробного происхождения (применение стартовых культур) и использование ферментов немикробного происхождения (фер-менты животного и растительного происхождения). Каждый из методов имеет свои специфические особенности воздействия на сырье, что требует их детального изучения. В данной статье рассматривается влияние спонтан-ной микрофлоры ферментированных мясных продуктов из конины на образование биологически активных пепти-дов. С использованием T-RFLP-анализа установлено 21323/2414-438X-2017-2-4-4-19Для цитирования: Чернуха и.М., никонов и.н., Машенцева н.Г., Клабукова Д.л., афанасьев Д.а., Ковалев л.и., ильина л.а. влияние спонтан-ной микрофлоры ферментированных мясных продуктов из конины на образование биологически активных пептидов. ВведениеНа сегодняшний день разработано множество стра-тегий по улучшению функциональной ценности мяса и мясных продуктов, которые могут быть реализованы путем добавления различных функциональных соедине-ний, а также прижизненной модификацией животного сырья. В технологии мясных продуктов функционально-го и специализированного назначения успешно приме-няют модификацию состава (амино-и жирных кислот, контроля натрия хлорида), внесение функциональных элементов и специализированных модулей (раститель-ных компонентов (масел, экстрактов, волокон), соевого белка, натуральных и синтетических антиоксидантов, молочнокислых бактерий, рыбьего жира, производных белков мяса -биологически активных пептидов).Современная стратегия, направленная на увели-чение продолжительности жизни за счет снижения риска хронических неинфекционных заболеваний, включает прогнозирование, превентивность или профилактику, персонализацию и партисипатив-ность (принцип четырех «П») [1]. При этом научный прогноз об увеличении средней ожидаемой продол-жительности жизни человека основан на многих направлениях, однако центральное место занимает создание средств эффективной и безопасной профи-лактики социально-значимых заболеваний. В Рос-сии хронические неинфекционные заболевания яв-ляются причиной 75 % всех смертей. При этом на долю сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний приходится около 55 % [2]. Original scientific paper AN INFLUENCE OF SPONTANEOUS MICROFLORA OF FERMENTED HORSEMEAT PRODUCTS ON THE FORMATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PEPTIDES Key words: peptides, Lactobacillus, T-RFLP, one-dimensional electrophoresis, two-dimensional electrophoresis, proteomics, horsemeat, meat products Abstract At present, different methods are used to accumulate functional peptides in meat raw materials, including the use of spontaneous microflora during autolysis, the use of the microbial enzymes (the application of starter cultures) and the use of the non-microbial enzymes (enzymes of animals and plant orig...
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