I . Evaluation of the germ meal (CGM) of carob seed (Ceratonia siliqua) and its protein isolate was carried out with weanling rats. Comparisons were made with casein, soya-bean meal, whole defatted egg and a soya-bean protein isolate (Promine-D) as protein sources. The growth-promoting effects and certain biological indices were evaluated using the protein efficiency ratio (PER), biological value (BV) and net protein utilization (NPU) bioassay procedures.2. The unsupplemented CGM had a PER of 1-66*0.09 and an NPU of o*58fo.o13. Addition of DLmethionine at 4, 8 and 12 g/kg diet resulted in a PER of 1.95fo.1 I, 2-01 f 0 1 I and 1.9of01 I respectively.The corresponding BV values were 0~80*0.003,078 f 0-015 and 0.74fo.01 I , and those for NPU 0.69 fo.013, 0.66-+0.026 and 0 6 3 fo020 respectively. The addition of amino acids improved the PER (2*24-2-59), BV (0.784.79) and NPU (0.71-0.73) values.3. The BV and NPU assays for the unsupplemented carob germ isolate were low (BV 0.36&0.016, NPU 0~35fO*ol5). Supplementation with amino acids resulted in a positive increase with values of 0.66fo.013 and o Q f o o 1 3 for BV and NPU respectively.The nutritional potential of certain agricultural by-products has not been adequately studied, a fact that limits their utilization as animal food ingredients. The shortage and high prices paid for protein concentrates in livestock feeding has stimulated nutritional and economic feasibility studies of by-products and wastes as sources of protein. It appears therefore that the resources in such products need to be further exploited and thoroughly evaluated nutritionally.Carob germ meal (CGM) is a by-product obtained from the germ of the carob seed (Ceratonia siliqua) after the separation of gums and the fibrous coating of the seed. The milled germ has a uniform consistency and is a light greyish colour. It provides in the dry state as fed, approximately 955 g dry matter and 426 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg. The current annual production of this by-product in Greece is approximately 2000 t and is likely to increase.The literature contains only one report by Ferreira (1964) of the evaluation of CGM protein. The CP content varies from 488 to 507 g/kg and biological indices (biological value (BV) 0.51, protein efficiency ratio (PER) 1-20) have been reported for the rat.In the present study well-established rat bioassay procedures were used to assess protein quality and obtain information on the nutritional value of CGM. An attempt has also been made to prepare a protein isolate from the CGM and evaluate in a comparative study its performance in the rat. The biological indices measured were BV, net protein utilization (NPU), PER and growth response of the rats to different levels of amino acid supplementation. E X P E R I M E N T A L Analytical proceduresStandard methods tor moisture, CP, diethyl ether extract, crude fibre and ash were those described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists ( I 970). Gross were extracted by boiling 0.5 g CGM in IOO ml distilled w...

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I . Nutritional evaluation of dried tomato pomace (DTP-20) as a source of protein was carried out using weanling rats. Comparisons were made with casein (CS), soya-bean meal (SOM-45) and the hydrocarbon-grown yeast Toprina (BP-T). The growth-promoting effects of the diets were evaluated over a period of 28 d of ad lib. feeding. 3.The reason for the decrease in growth and the reduced PER and NPU values recorded for the methionine-supplemented group of rats is not clear and it is discussed in connexion with an imbalance or a slight toxicity caused by the added amino acid.Exploitation of agricultural by-products may make a substantial contribution towards better and more economic feeding of livestock. The nutritive potential of a number of available by-products is, however, inadequately known, a fact that discourages their efficient utilization in animal feeding. I n view of the shortage and the high prices of protein feeding-stuffs, some of these by-products could provide part of the protein needed by animals. In this respect it is clear that the country's resources in such products need to be fully developed and thoroughly evaluated nutritionally.Stahlin (1957) and Maymone & Tiberio (1959) have provided information on the nutritive value of the tomato-seed oilcake meal, a by-product obtained after the extraction of the oil from the tomato seed. The oilcake has a crude protein (CP) (nitrogen x 6-25) content ranging from 340 to 400 g/kg and its value as a protein supplement for broilers is considered to be good (Kalaisakis, Papadopoulos, Boufidis, Zacharioudakis & Gourakou, 1970). Dried tomato pomace is composed of tomato seeds and skin that remain after the expulsion of the juice. In the dry state, as fed, it provides approximately 950 g dry matter and 195-215 g CP/kg. The annual production of dried pomace in Greece is in the order of 3000 t, with good prospects for future increase.The purpose of this study was to assess, by a series of rat bioassay procedures, the protein quality of dried pomace, and obtain information regarding its nutritional value. The biological indices measured were the protein efficiency ratio (PER), the net protein utilization (NPU) and the growth response of the experimental animals to amino acid supplementation. The amino acid profile was compared to other protein supplements and the interpretation of the results obtained is discussed.https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi

Aspergillus oryzae biomass grown on effluents produced during the extraction of palm oil was found to have a crude protein content of 39.6 g 100 8-1 and a 'true protein' content of 32.1 g 100 g-l. Amino acid analysis showed that the essential amino acid content was 58.2 g 16 g-' N and the essential amino acid index was calculated to be 87.4. The sulphur-containing amino acids were present at a combined level of 2.8 g 16 g-l. In rat feeding trials the biomass had a biological value of 0.68 0.03, a net protein utilisation of 0.65 2 0.05 and a true digestibility of 0.96 k 0.05 based on its crude protein content. No unusual fatty acids were detected in the biomass.

I. The biological evaluation of solvent and prepress-solvent processed rapeseed meals KM(S) and RM(PS) was carried out with the weanling (phase I) and the mature (phase z ) rat. The nutritional indices measured were compared with those for diets containing soyabean meal SM and casein CS.2. The true nitrogen digestibility (td(N)) for RM(S), RM(PS), SM and CS in the weanling rat was (%) 78.9 f 1'2,77'9 k 2.7, 90'4f 0.9 and 96.0 If: 0.6 (P < 0.01) respectively. Net protein utilization was (%) 68.9 f 10.1, 65.6f 3'5, 80.6 k4.8 and 81.7 & 3'1 (P < 0.05) respectively.Biological value was (%) 83.0 f 7'9,841 k 5.6,890 f 5.1 and 85.0 +-3.4 ( P < 0.05) respectively.The same indices when measured in the mature rat showed an increase over those obtained in the weanling rat. 3.The growth-promoting effects of the test diets were evaluated over a period of 8 weeks with ad lib. feeding between phases I and 2. Protein efficiency ratio averaged z'ofo.14, 1'9fo.35, 2.4+0'39 and 2 . 3 + 0 , 2 5 for the RM(S), RM(PS), SM and CS treatments respectively.4. The daily endogenous urinary N excretion was 1.58 f 0.14 mg N/basal kcal or 254 mg N/kg body-weight for the weanling rat and 0.16 mg N/basal kcal or 18 mg N/kg bodyweight for the mature rat. Metabolic faecal N excretion was 98.0 * 9.3 mg N/kg body-weight, or 27-9 yo of the total N output for the weanling rat, and 37.9 f 7.2 mg N/kg body-weight, or 67.3 yo of the total N output for the mature rat during the 'protein-free' feeding periods.5. The fresh weight of the thyroid gland per kg metabolic body size was 70, 90,40 and 40 mg respectively for the RM(S), RM(PS), SM and CS dietary treatments. 6.The moisture content of the carcasses was 66.9 + 3.1, 63.6 f 2.3 and 64.2 f 2.2 and the protein content on a dry-matter basis was 55.9 9.6,50.2 4 6.4 and 53.1 f 4 9 for the RM (S and PS), SM and CS diets respectively. The results suggest an increased lean body mass in the rats receiving the rapeseed meal treatments.7. Under the conditions of this experiment solvent-extracted rapeseed meal was superior to prepress-solvent meal on the basis of rat growth response and of results for nutritional indices. Both rapeseed meals were inferior to soya-bean meal and casein.Experimental work conducted in Canada and abroad on the utilization of rapeseed meal as a protein supplement has been reviewed (Bowland, Clandinin &Wetter, 1965). Information on the biological evaluation of rapeseed meal is limited and the authors of the present report are not aware of such work done with the weanling and the mature rat. Although the protein of rapeseed meal is reasonably well balanced in essential amino acids, the method of processing, the high crude fibre content (9-15 %), the level of goitrogenic compounds and the bitter taste of the meal may affect its value as a protein supplement.Experiments have been conducted in which solvent extracted soya-bean meal and vitamin-free casein served as controls for the biological evaluation of solvent or prepress-solvent processed rapeseed meals.The results obtained in this inves...