Crops are highly susceptible to drought in sloping land. Due to its good adaptability to complex terrain, sprinkler irrigation is one of the commonly used methods for sloping land. To improve water application uniformity for sprinkler irrigation on sloping land, an experiment was conducted on an artificial slope to determine the effects of pulsating versus constant pressure on sprinkler flow rate, radius of throw, water distribution pattern, and water application uniformity. Compared with sprinkler flow rate and water distribution uniformity at constant pressure, sprinkler flow rate was not reduced, but water distribution uniformity for a single sprinkler was improved due to the decreased uphill throw, downhill throw and the ratio of downhill throw to uphill throw at pulsating pressure. The Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) value of water distribution for a single sprinkler at pulsating pressure was about 10% higher than that of constant pressure. When water distribution of single sprinkler overlapped with rectangular arrangement, CU values for pulsating pressure were on average 4.06% higher than those for constant pressure with different sprinkler spacings. Thus, pulsating pressure is recommended for use in sprinkler irrigation on sloping land to improve water application uniformity.

Summary A great deal of effort has been devoted to finding geophysical techniques for measuring the hydraulic fracture azimuth. This paper discusses a comparison of seven different measurements to determine the azimuth in a sandstone formation at a depth of 1,050 ft [320 m]. The azimuth was determined as N95E, but significant differences existed between some of the results. This is of fundamental importance because in developing new measurements, the limits of these must be found and honored. Of particular interest are the results from microseismic monitoring. The lack of results suggests that remote (e.g., surface) monitoring for seismic events may be impractical for normal, sedimentary, hydrocarbon-bearing formations. Introduction For many years, it has been accepted and verified by research that hydraulic fractures are generally vertical and extend from the wellbore along a single azimuth. It was also noted that planar features, such as fractures, can significantly alter reservoir fluid flow. Little attention was directed to this problem, however, until the development of massive hydraulic fracturing proved a viable technique for producing low-permeability gas reservoirs. For these microdarcy formations, fracture lengths greater than normal drainage radii are justified, making it necessary to determine the fracture azimuth before the infill wells are drilled, which would make determining the azimuth with pressure-transient analysis possible. pressure-transient analysis possible. In response, several geophysical techniques have been developed, including core analyses, surface tilt measurements, electric potential measurements, and seismic monitoring for microseismic events related to the propagating fracture. Several references for each propagating fracture. Several references for each procedure show that interpretable signals, or data, can procedure show that interpretable signals, or data, can be recorded. There are fewer data where several results are compared, which is unfortunate because several techniques are indirect or base their analyses on assumptions about the physical process creating the signal. Thus not every procedure can work in every case; for example, monitoring for microseismic events in a poorly consolidated formation would probably not yield good results. One older study in Colorado and more recent tests in Colorado and Texas have compared several techniques with generally good agreement; all of these tests, however, were conducted in similar formations-relatively deep, hard, low-porosity sandstones. This paper reports the results from seven different azimuth measuring procedures conducted as part of an Amoco/Dowell Schlumberger/Gas Research Inst- fracture diagnostics test. The test was conducted in the Skinner sandstone near Mounds, OK. The formation at this location was found at a depth of 1,050 ft [320 m] and had an 80-ft (24-m] thickness, 25% porosity, 5-md average permeability, 100% water saturation, and normal permeability, 100% water saturation, and normal pressure. Because the primary goal of the experiment was to pressure. Because the primary goal of the experiment was to measure proppant transport, the test was conducted in two stages by first measuring the fracture azimuth to allow optimum placement of surface magnetometers for the second stage, mapping of magnetic proppant injection. The azimuth measurements included on-site and laboratory-oriented core analyses, tiltmeter measurements, downhole television camera logging, remote seismic monitoring, borehole seismic monitoring, and caliper logs for wellbore "breakouts. "Table 1 summarizes the results. While excellent agreement between borehole logs, tiltmeter analysis, and strain recovery measurements on core shows conclusively an essentially east/west azimuth, the disagreement in one sense is good, emphasizing the need for multiple tests in a new area or formation to guard against misleading results. Borehole Logging Two types of borehole logs were used:downhole television to measure wellbore azimuth directly, andoriented caliper logging to measure wellbore ellipticity. Downhole television logging is a simple process 15 because there is no interpretation involved. Such logging can determine wellbore azimuth for vertical fractures very accurately. For this experiment, the wellbore was circular, and prefracture logs showed an unfractured wellbore. SPEPE P. 423

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