The incidence of thyroid disease was examined prospectively in 97 consecutive patients with breast cancer (Group I) and was compared with that of 61 women with cystic breast disease (Group II) and that of 60 control women (Group III) with no breast problems. Thyroid enlargement was found in 47%, 49%, and 22% of those in Groups I, II, and III, respectively, and treatment with thyroid hormones was taken by 9.3% (I), 8.2% (II), and 5.0% (III) of the cases. The mean thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration in those in Group I (5.4 +/- 2.2 microU/ml) was significantly higher than in Groups II (3.9 +/- 1.9, P less than 0.01) and III (4.0 +/- 1.8, P less than 0.001), whereas thyroid microsomal antibodies were detected in 13.4% (I), 9.1% (II), and 1.7% (III); mean triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) concentrations were similar in the three groups. When both TSH and T3 concentrations were taken into account, 24% and 17% of the patients, respectively, from Group I were no longer in the Group III range; the corresponding figures for Group II were 13% and 23%, respectively. These results indicate that breast cancer and thyroid disease are probably related, but not in a specific way, since benign mastopathy also seems to be associated with thyroid disturbances.

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MET administration lowered LH activity in all PCOS women and in ovulatory responders and also compromised PRL stimulated secretion in the latter cases. These findings were indicative of an effect of MET on pituitary activity.

The endocrine milieu on which spermatogenesis and sperm maturation mainly depend was evaluated quantitatively with simultaneous measurements of FSH, LH, PRL, testosterone, estrone, estradiol (E2), and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations in spermatic venous plasma, antecubital plasma, seminal fluid, and wash fluid from vas deferens in 16 normospermic men and 24 oligospermic patients. Anesthesia and surgical stress caused a rise of only PRL and E2 (P less than 0.001-0.01). Mean FSH, LH, and PRL levels were comparable in antecubital and spermatic venous plasma, and antecubital values were higher in oligospermic patients for FSH and LH (P less than 0.05-0.001). Mean (+/- SD) T levels were similar for normospermic and oligospermic men in spermatic venous plasma (473 +/- 75 and 439 +/- 270 ng/ml), in antecubital plasma (6.5 +/- 1.3 and 6.6 +/- 1.8), and in seminal fluid (0.3 +/- 0.1 for both). Minute quantities of testosterone were detected in pooled wash fluid (0.08 ng). For E2, similar concentration gradients from high to low levels were found in normospermic and oligospermic men (spermatic venous plasma = 926 +/- 205 pg/ml and 1090 +/- 262; antecubital plasma = 31.0 +/- 12.0 and 28.4 +/- 1.9; seminal fluid = 14.3 +/- 2.3 and 12.0 + 2.8). Estrone was also high in spermatic venous and low in antecubital plasma but higher in seminal fluid than in antecubital plasma. Sex hormone-binding globulin levels were slightly though not significantly lower in spermatic venous (23 +/- 10 nmol/liter) than in antecubital plasma (28 +/- 6), but not measurable in seminal fluid. These results define important aspects of the endocrine milieu prevailing in the male reproductive tract and demonstrate a change of the relative activity of androgens and estrogens from the testis to the seminal fluid.

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