Введение. Установлено, что наличие пневмонии у пациентов с циррозом печени (ЦП) чаще связано с развитием нарушения сознания, почечной недостаточности, септического шока и летального исхода. Так как субфебрильная температура, умеренный лейкоцитоз (или повышение числа лейкоцитов на фоне лейкопении)-частые состояния у пациента с ЦП, следует ожидать нетипичную клиническую картину пневмонии. Пневмония при ЦП может манифестировать классическими признаками декомпенсации цирроза: асцит, печеночная энцефалопатия, варикозное кровотечение. Цель исследования-ретроспективный анализ частоты и течения пневмонии у пациентов с ЦП, умерших в течение госпитализации. Материалы и методы. Проанализированы результаты секционных данных 308 пациентов с ЦП, умерших в стационаре. Диагноз ЦП устанавливался на основании данных клиники заболевания и лабораторно-инструментальных методов исследования, при патологоанатомическом исследовании-на основании макрои микроморфологических признаков. Результаты. Установлено, что пневмонии осложняли течение ЦП у 97 (31,5% 95% ДИ 26,3-36,7) умерших в стационаре и являются самым частым видом инфекционного осложнения у данных пациентов. При этом у пациентов с пневмонией, в сравнении с пациентами без пневмонии, чаще обнаруживались сепсис и другие инфекции. Летальный исход наступал в более короткие сроки после госпитализации, чем у пациентов без пневмонии. В ряде случаев (15,5%; 95% ДИ 10,2-22,2) верификация пневмонии была существенно затруднена. Чаще это были нозокомиальные варианты заболевания. Заключение. Спектр возбудителей пневмонии у умерших с ЦП характерен для нозокомиальных инфекционных осложнений и иммунокомпрометированных пациентов.

Background. Understanding of intestinal bacteria-host interaction physiology as well as bacterial translocation characteristics at the initial stages and in advanced cirrhosis emphasizes the importance of approaches minimizing the migration of microorganisms and their components from the intestinal lumen. Objective – to provide a brief review of publications highlighting the problem of bacterial intestinal translocation as the main mechanism for the development of bacterial infections and pro-inflammatory status in patients with liver cirrhosis. Material and methods. We performed the study and analysis of English- and Russian-language articles over the past 30 years contained in the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration, UpToDate. The key words were: «intestinal microflora translocation», «bacterial translocation», «translocation markers». Results. Contemporary views on changes of the intestinal barrier and those of innate and adaptive immunity systems in liver diseases are considered. Data on possibility and signifcance of detecting bacterial translocation are presented.Current methods used for gut microbiome analysis as well as some areas for future research are discussed. Conclusion. A validated marker/markers is required to study bacterial translocation in cirrhosis.

Background. The frequency and characteristics of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) are reported in numerous articles from different countries. The aim of the study was to assess the cirrhosis decompensation in patients with bacterial infections based on the Chronic Liver Failure-Consortium (CLIF-C) score in one of the city clinics in Belarus. Materials and methods. The patients underwent laboratory and instrumental studies during the hospitalization. The assessment of the syndrome of acute-on-chronic liver failure was performed using the CLIF-C score. Bacterial infections were diagnosed on the basis of standard criteria. Results. The study included 151 cirrhotic patients, 87 males and 64 females. Median age was 55 years (Q1 = 43; Q3 = 61). Cirrhosis was predominantly due to alcohol addiction — 83 patients (55 %). ACLF was diagnosed in 44 of 151 patients with cirrhosis (29.1 %; 95% confidence interval (CI) 22.0–37.1). Bacterial infections were detected in 67 people (44.4 %; 95% CI 36.3–52.7). Most often patients had liver failure that was detected by an increase in serum bilirubin level. Among individuals with upper gastrointestinal bleedings, number needed to harm for developing ACLF was 3.3 (95% CI 2.2–4.4). The risk of developing ACLF grade 2 and 3 in cirrhotic patients with infections was 8.2, with 95% CI 1.0–69.6 (number needed to harm was 12.9; 95% CI 10.7–15.0). Bacterial infections increase the risk of acute decompensation in patients with cirrhosis (odds ratio = 2.0, p = 0.048). Conclusions. The CLIF-C score is quite applicable in our cohort of patients with cirrhosis.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive accumulation of fat in the liver in the absence of secondary causes. The review presents data on the role of fructose in the accumulation of fat in the liver and the mechanisms of NAFLD development. A number of data have been obtained on the effects of fructose, in the form of sugar-containing and fructose-containing drinks, related to NAFLD development.

This article is an overview of the data on bacterial intestinal translocation. The article reviews changes in the intestinal microbiome, the local physiological barrier, as well as the innate and adaptive immunity characteristics contributing to the liver cirrhosis development and progression. The results of published studies on the assessment of potential bacterial translocation markers (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, lipopolysaccharide, presepsin etc.) and their use to predict infection and mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis are presented. The up-to-date methods to study the intestinal microbiome as well as some directions for future research are also described.