An in vivo study of the biological safety of a biomedical cell product for regeneration of articular cartilage with subcutaneous implantation of cell engineered cartilage tissue was carried out. A comparative study of the biological safety of the cell engineered construct of human articular cartilage tissue (CEC hAT) and the biocompatible BMCH matrix in an implantation test did not show significant differences between the control and experimental groups. The results demonstrated that the cell component of the cell engineered construct of hAT is not a risk factor for its implantation for up to 28 days. During the study, some signs of for mation of articular tissue were observed at the site of subcutaneous implantation of the CEC hAT. Consider ing high proliferation and differentiation activity of the CEC hAT previously confirmed after its cultivation for 42 days, it is possible to suggest the potential of using CEC hAT for regeneration of injured cartilage as an injection form of biomedical cell product.

ФГБУ «Федеральный научный центр трансплантологии и искусственных органов имени академика В.И. Шумакова» Минздрава России, Москва, Российская Федерация Наиболее эффективным методом лечения сахарного диабета 1-го типа по-прежнему является аллотранс-плантация островков поджелудочной железы, которая при сочетании благоприятных условий (достаточ-ное количество выделенных островков, удачная комбинация иммуносупрессивных препаратов) способна достичь инсулиннезависимости реципиентов на протяжении нескольких лет. Однако постоянный дефи-цит донорских поджелудочных желез и ограниченность выживания островков в организме реципиента не позволяют увеличить количество таких трансплантаций и повысить их эффективность. В настоящем обзоре дан критический анализ работ российских и зарубежных авторов по созданию тканеинженерных конструкций поджелудочной железы, направленных на решение трех главных проблем трансплантации островков поджелудочной железы: 1) дефицит донорского материала; 2) необходимость проведения им-муносупрессивной терапии; 3) непродолжительность выживания и функциональной активности переса-женных островков.Ключевые слова: сахарный диабет 1-го типа, трансплантация, островки, поджелудочная железа, тканеинженерные конструкции. Allotransplantation of pancreatic islets remains the most effective method of treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1 being capable under combination of favorable conditions (suffi cient number of isolated islets, effective combination of immunosuppressive drugs) to reach the recipients' insulin independence for several years. However, the overwhelming shortage of donor pancreas and limited post-transplantation islet survival do not allow increasing the number of such transplants and their effectiveness. This review presents a critical analysis of the work done by Russian and foreign authors onto creation of tissue-engineered pancreatic constructs that may lead to the resolution of the three main pancreatic islet transplantation issues: 1) lack of donor material; 2) necessity of immunosuppressive therapy; 3) limited survival and functional activity of the islet. PROSPECTS OF APPLICATION OF TISSUE-ENGINEERED PANCREATIC CONSTRUCTS IN THE TREATMENT Key words: diabetes mellitus type 1, transplantation, islets, pancreas, tissue-engineered constructs.Для корреспонденции: Скалецкий Николай Николаевич. Адрес: 123182, Москва, ул. Щукинская, д. 1. В настоящее время золотым стандартом лечения сахарного диабета 1-го типа по-прежнему является введение экзогенного инсулина в ответ на повышен-ный уровень глюкозы в крови. Создание синтети-ческих аналогов инсулина, их введение с помощью носимых дозаторов, возможность регулярного кон-

The success of pancreatic islet allotransplantation in the treatment of patients with a difficult-to-manage type 1 diabetes depends mainly on the quantity and quality of islets isolated from the pancreas of deceased donors using enzyme preparations, primarily collagenase. Numerous studies on improvement and standardization of islet isolation techniques have reached their limits in the last decade. This has made it impossible to further boost the number and quality of clinical transplants. Taking into account the negative impact of collagenase technique on the morphofunctional properties of isolated islets, this work has studied the possibility of enzyme-free isolation of islet tissue purified of exocrine ballast. Experiments using the pancreas of newborn and young rabbits showed that developing methodological approaches to obtaining islet-like cultures without the use of exogenous enzymes is feasible.

Due to complications caused by the inevitable use of immunosuppressive drugs in organ and cell transplantation, the use of natural mechanisms of immunological tolerance identified in animal and human organisms arouses interest. It has long been known that there are certain areas in them, including the testis, where immune reactions are virtually impossible. Our review focuses on the role of Sertoli cells that provide testicular immune privilege. Methods of isolation and cultivation of Sertoli cells are described and their potentials in biology and medicine are discussed.