The construction industry uses a lot of binding materials. One of the most important binders is cement and concrete. Most used cement in concrete is Portland cement (OPC). Its manufacture consumes lot of raw materials and energy and emits huge amounts of hazardous gases particularly CO2 into the atmosphere. Attempts are being made to overcome the above problems by using blended cements, geopolymer and LC3 cements. However, there are a number of limitations in using alternatives to OPC. In recent years researches are being carried out to use nanomaterials such as nano silica, nano titanium oxide, nano alumina, nano CaCO3, nano clay, nano carbons, etc. in cement and concrete to improve the properties. The basic objectives of using nanomaterials in binding materials are to increase mechanical properties and durability. Nanomaterials, if added in appropriate amounts, accelerate the hydration, increase mechanical properties and decrease the porosity. In addition to improving physical properties, nanomaterials particularly nano TiO2 acts as a cleaning agent. Nano embedded phase change materials perform better. Since it is a new field, little work has been done so far. In the present chapter the effect of different nanomaterials on the properties of OPC, concrete, geopolymer cement and LC3 cement have been discussed at length.