Geographically, Manipur is composed of two sets of landmasses known as the valley and the hills districts. As compared to the valley districts, the hilly district is largely remained undeveloped and lack basic infrastructure and services like healthcare facilities, educational institutions, public distribution system, transportation, etc. Little is known about the differentials in the utilization of maternal healthcare services between the hills and the valley of Manipur state of India. The paper tries to understand the inequalities in accessing maternal healthcare services between the hills and valleys region. Logistic regression and concentration index was adopted to assess the utilization of maternal healthcare services. Results indicate low utilization of maternal healthcare services in the hilly region, with only 19%, 22%, and 21% have access to 4+ ANC visit, institutional delivery, and PNC visits respectively. The odds of utilizing 4+ ANC visits [Odds Ratio (OR): 0.

The north east region covers an area of about 2,62,239 sq.km. It is about 7.9 percent of India's total area. They had a population of around 45.5 million in 2011, which was about 3.77 percent of India's total population. Census of India 1991, 2001 and 2011 data were analysed with different indices to know the level, growth and distribution of urban population and towns. The level of urbanization increases from one census to another census in every state. Towns were unevenly distributed in the region. Most of the towns were small towns. Only few districts in the region attained urbanization level of 50 percent and above. Urbanization in the region is different from the mainland India. The urban centres are the administrative centres. The market penetration and social change has been very limited in the urban areas.

Teenage childbearing occurs in every society worldwide. Teenagers are understudied and a complex age group to reach. It is essential to know the levels and trends of teenage childbearing with its socio-economic and demographic differentials. Therefore, the overall purpose of the present study is to explore the levels, trends, and differentials of teenage childbearing in India. The required data were obtained from National Family Health Survey (NFHS). The analysis is based on the samples of 24,811 women aged 15-19 in 2005-06 (NFHS-3), 1,21,552 in 2015-16 (NFHS-4) and 1,22,544 in 2019-20 (NFHS-5). Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis have been carried out by using SPSS-23. In NFHS-5, the proportion of teenage childbearing is 6.8 per cent, which showed a decline from 16.0 per cent in NFHS-3. Tripura (21.9%) has the highest teenage childbearing percentage, whereas Ladakh had zero teenage childbearing. Among the districts in India, Dhalai district (28.2%) in Tripura has the highest percentage of teenage childbearing. The percentage of teenage childbearing is significantly higher in rural areas than in urban areas, except in Goa and Himachal Pradesh. Higher educational attainment and a rich household wealth index are associated with a lower incidence of teenage childbearing. Except for the NFHS-3, teenage childbearing is comparatively higher among Muslims than among other religions. Exposure to media helps in reducing teenage childbearing. Teenage childbearing is higher among the Scheduled Tribe (S.T) than in other castes. Despite some progress, more has to be done to minimise teenage childbearing in India.

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