Potato viruses cause enormous economic loss in agriculture production. Potatoes can be infected by a number of different viruses that affect negatively the harvest and the tuber quality. Direct and effective drugs against plant virus diseases are still not available and control is only applied as agricultural measures and pesticides against virus vectors. Potato virus Y (PVY) is transmitted by aphids in non-persistent manner and on that account using insecticides to prevent spread of the infection is useless. Breeding of resistant plant cultivars proved to be not always a solution of the problem because of the fast evolution of the virus strains and the constantly growing group of recombinants. In this study, we have proposed a new way of controlling the virus by blocking replication and transmission through the plant by RNAi-based vaccination of potato seedlings with specific to viral HC-Pro gene siRNAs. Thus, PVY replication is decreased without altering the valuable qualities of the sensitive to the virus potato cultivars like Agria.
This study presents the first whole genome sequence of Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV isolate RR1) from onion (Allium cepa) in India along with phylogenetic and recombination studies. We examined the sequence variability, distribution of simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and recombination breakpoints of different OYDV geographical isolates. The P1 and P3 regions of OYDV show a higher rate of sequence variability in amino acid and nucleotide sequences than other genomic regions. Entropy peaks of deduced amino acid sequences were higher in both regions (P1 and P3) of different OYDVs. The observed frequency of microsatellites was also higher in the P3 region of all OYDV genomes. The Indian isolate RR1 showed 75-98 % similarity with the other OYDV isolates in nucleotide and amino acid sequences and has 43 microsatellites and two compound microsatellites. It was most closely related to garlic isolate MS/SW1 from Australia. Isolate RR1 contained six recombination breakpoints in different genomic regions with the major parent related to the MS/SW1 (Australian) and SG1 (Spanish) OYDV isolates. The phylogenetic and recombination study demonstrated the divergence of Indian isolate RR1 from OYDV isolate from Australia.
Molecular genetics investigates the genetic makeup of individuals at the DNA level. That includes the identification and mapping of molecular genetic markers and genetic polymorphisms. Molecular genetic markers (DNA markers) are one of the most powerful means for the genomic analysis and allow the connection of hereditary traits with genomic variation. Molecular marker technology has developed rapidly over the last decade and two shapes of specific DNA based marker, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), also known as microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) prevail applications in modern genetic analysis.Genomic simple sequence repeats (SSRs, microsatellites) have been used for a variety of purposes, including gene tagging, physical mapping, genome mapping, estimation of genetic diversity, phylogenetic and conservation genetic purposes in farm animal breeding. SSR analyses are applied successfully in parentage verification and pedigree analysis, as disease markers and to locate the mutation in genetic disorders in livestock animals. The ultimate use of SSRs markers is for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL), marker assisted selection (MAS) in order to practice genomic selection and improve the farm animal health. Developments in 'omics' technologies, such as genomic selection, may help overcome several of the limitations of traditional breeding programmes and will be especially beneficial in breeding for lowly heritable disease traits that only manifest themselves following exposure to pathogens or environmental stressors in adulthood. The current paper provides a brief overview of the present-day application of microsatellites markers in animal breeding and make significant contribution to the overall farm animal health and resistance to disease.
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