The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on reaction time (RT) and motor cortex excitability in the premovement period was investigated. Single and paired-pulse TMS with 3 and 13 ms interstimulus intervals (ISI) were applied to the left motor cortex at different delays after a visual command for isometric right hand index finger abduction. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) were analysed to assess cortex excitability. The MEPs in response to single pulse TMS were gradually increased in the premovement period in general, but strongly augmented in a period of 90-100 ms before the voluntary myoelectrical activity (EMG) onset. In paired-pulse TMS (13 ms ISI), the MEP augmentation was smaller but started earlier before the EMG burst, and a gradual increase of MEP amplitudes was not evident. In case of 3 ms ISI, the expected intracortical inhibition (ICI) was evident only when TMS preceded the voluntary EMG by an interval of more than 60 ms, but at shorter intervals, rather some MEP augmentation was observed. Generally, the augmentation of MEPs in the premovement period was more pronounced in single pulse TMS. Most strikingly, a dead band period without MEP occurrences was observed within an interval of 30-50 ms before the voluntary EMG. In conclusion, parallel action of intracortical facilitation (ICF) and ICI as well as different dynamic behaviour of ICF and pre movement facilitation may explain the earlier mentioned effects. Moreover, this leads to an extended description of the rather subtle TMS influence on RT.
ZusammenfassungDas Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Analyse der prämotori− schen Veränderungen der Erregbarkeit der motorischen Hirnrin− de vor einer ballistischen Willkürreaktion mit der rechten (do− minaten) Hand (isometrische Abduktion des Zeigefingers) in ei− nem Reaktionszeitexperiment. Dazu wurde die transkranielle Magnetstimulation (TMS) verwendet, wobei sowohl Einzelim− puls− als auch Doppelimpuls−TMS−Reize mit unterschiedlicher Verzögerung nach dem Erscheinen des visuellen go signal über der linken motorischen Hirnrinde appliziert wurden. Die Intensi− tät der TMS−Test−Reize betrug 120 % der motorischen Schwelle, die der konditionierenden Reize bei Doppelimpuls−TMS war 70 %, und als Interstimulusintervall (ISI) wurden 3 ms bzw. 13 ms verwendet. Gemessen wurden das EMG des M. interosseus dorsalis I und die laterale Kraft. Die Parameter des TMS−induzier− ten motorisch−evozierten Potenzials (MEP) wurden zur Beschrei− bung der kortikalen Erregbarkeit bestimmt. Im prämotorischen Zeitbereich, etwa 80 ms vor dem Einsetzen der Willkürreaktion im EMG (burst), findet man generell deutlich vergrößerte MEP− Amplituden. Gegenüber der Situation bei Einzelimpuls−TMS, tritt bei Doppelimpuls−TMS mit ISI = 13 ms diese kortikale Fazilitation etwas früher, aber mit geringerer Stärke auf; bei ISI = 3 ms ist er− wartungsgemäß zunächst die intrakortikale Inhibition zu beo− bachten, die aber dann ebenfalls übergeht in eine Fazilitation, wobei diese im Vergleich zur Einzelimpuls−TMS etwas mehr zum Einsatzzeitpunkt des burst hin verschoben ist. In allen TMS− Experimenten ist ein minimales Intervall (dead band) zwischen dem Beginn des MEP und des burst erkennbar. Weiterhin zeigt sich ein wesentlicher Einfluss der TMS−Applikation auf die Ver− teilungseigenschaften der Reaktionszeiten. AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on reaction time (RT) and on motor cortex excitability preceding voluntary move− ments. Single pulse and paired−pulse TMS with two interstimu− lus intervals (ISI) of 3 and 13 ms were applied to the left motor cortex at different delays after a visual go command for a volun− tary isometric index finger abduction of the right (dominant) hand. The intensity of the testing and conditioning stimuli were 120 % and 70 % of motor threshold at rest, respectively. Changes of the parameters of motor evoked potentials (MEP) recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) were used to as− sess motor cortex excitability. The MEPs in response to single pulse TMS were augmented in a period around 80 ms before the voluntary myoelectrical activity (EMG) onset. In paired−pulse TMS at an ISI of 13 ms, the MEP augmentation was smaller but started earlier before the voluntary EMG. In case of ISI = 3 ms, the expected intracortical inhibition was evident only when TMS preceded the voluntary muscle activity by a premovement interval of more than 80 ms, but at shorter intervals, rather some MEP augmentation was observed. In all TMS experiments, a minimum in...
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