No abstract

государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Омский государственный аграрный университет им. П.А. Столыпина», Омск, Россия 4 Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт биологической защиты растений», Краснодар, Россия

The aim of this research is to develop for the Russian Federation Non-Cher nozem Zone competitive prototypes of winter wheat cul tivars with several genes for resistance to stem rust (in clu ding race Ug99) based on new sources of resistance with the use of molecular markers. The individual plants and then lines of winter common wheat with several effective genes for resistance to race Ug99 of stem rust were selected by means of marker assistant selection out of hybrid combinations from the crossing of new donors of resistance to this dangerous disease. The development of initial material was based on the use of new sources of resistance to race Ug99 of stem rust from VIR and “Arsenal” collections. Three accessions of winter wheat (wheat-aegi lops-rye line 119/4-06rw, cv. Donskaya Polukarlikovaya, line GT 96|90 from Bulgaria) and one accession of spring wheat (line 113/00i-4 with genetic material from Aegilops triuncialis), which supplemented and contrasted each other in such economically valuable features as plant height, number of days before heading, resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust, were selected for hybridization and backcrossing. To accelerate the breeding process, resistant genotypes with Sr genes were selected with the use of molecular markers. As a result the lines of winter common wheat with a set of economically valuable features and the presence of two-four genes for resistance to stem rust in homozygote state were created. The spectrum of the stem rust gene combinations in the created lines differs from the gene combinations in the parental accessions involved in the crossing and is associated with the direction of the selections conducted by the marker assisted selection method. We discovered more than 20 different combinations of the Sr2, Sr22, Sr31, Sr32, Sr36, Sr39, Sr40 and Sr47 genes in winter wheat lines. The combination of Sr22 and Sr32 in homozygote state was most often found. The genotypes with a set of economically valuable features approximating or surpassing the standard cultivar of winter wheat Moskov skaya 39 were selected for further testing in breeding nurseries of the Moscow region. The developed initial material is intended for use in selection of winter wheat cultivars resistant to stem rust in different grain-sowing regions of the Russian Federation. This will serve as a barrier for spread of new races of Puccinia graminis and will raise the resistance of selected cultivars to local populations of stem rust.

Оценены адаптивные свойства интрогрессивных линий мягкой яровой пшеницы с чужеродным генетическим материалом на фонах искусственно создаваемых стрессовых факторов. Показана реакция растений как на каждый из изучаемых стрессов, так и на их комплекс. Объектом изучения являлись 12 селекционных линий яровой пшеницы из питомника испытания потомств 2-го года, полученные в результате сложных ступенчатых и беккроссных скрещиваний новых доноров устойчивости к стеблевой ржавчине: линий озимой пшеницы GT 96/90 (Болгария) с генетическим материалом вида Triticum migushovae, 119/4-06rw — видов Aegilops speltoides и Secale cereale; линии яровой пшеницы 113/00i-4 с использованием вида Aegilops triuncialis; ярового образца 145/00i, устойчивого к бурой ржавчине, с генетическим материалом вида Aegilops speltoides. Стрессоустойчивость линий изучали в лабораторных условиях на ранних этапах онтогенеза, используя засоление NaCl и длительное затопление семян в воде (анаэробный стресс). Показатели по солеустойчивости варьировали от 40 до 62 %, по устойчивости к затоплению дифференциация по прорастаемости составила от 8 до 82 %. По суммарному показателю устойчивости самым широким диапазоном адаптивности к токсическому действию обоих стресс-факторов характеризовались линии 37-16i, 33-16i и 32-16i, 3-16i и 9-16i. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о сходной направленности адаптивных процессов при воздействии стрессовых ситуаций и сочетании в 1 генотипе (или почти полная сопряженность результатов) устойчивости одновременно к 2 стресс-факторам — солевому и анаэробному. Повышенный уровень адаптации протестированного материала мягкой пшеницы связываем с наличием чужеродных транслокаций у исходных родительских форм, участвовавших в происхождении линий.

Advanced breeding lines of spring and winter wheat with several effective resistance genes to stem rust, including its aggressive race Ug99, were developed for the first time for the non-Chernozem zone of Russia. Modern wheat varieties cultivated in this region have high productivity and grain quality. However, they are susceptible to fungal diseases and therefore are cultivated using frequent fungicides treatments. The introgression wheat lines with multiple alien translocations ("Arsenal" collection) have been developed in the Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture "Nemchinovka" by using gamma irradiation of pollen of wild wheat relatives (Aegilops speltoides, Ae. triuncialis, Triticum kiharae, Secale cereale). Initial material with several effective Sr resistance genes for wheat breeding was developed using donors from the "Arsenal" and the VIR collections. The created initial material can compete with modern varieties, as it has resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew, high productivity and numerous other advantages. On this basis, a new direction in breeding of spring and winter wheat is developed for this region, that is, creation of wheat cultivars with resistance to fungal diseases. This allows to reduce the fungicide load during cultivation with the goal of producing ecologically clean grain for healthy diet.