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Introduction:Malnutrition among adolescents is a persistent problem with a profound impact on different dimensions of health. The objective of this analysis is to assess the burden of malnutrition (Stunting, Thinness, Overweight, and Obesity) and their associated socio-demographic factors among Indian adolescents (10–19 years) from the Comprehensive National Nutritional Survey (CNNS 2016-18) data.MethodsWe used Individual-level data of 35,831 adolescents from the CNNS conducted in 2016–18 for this analysis. CNNS collected data on the nutritional status of adolescents along with socio-demographic variables from all states of India. Burden of stunting (Height for age Z score, HAZ < −2 SD), thinness (BMI for age Z score, BAZ < −2 SD), overweight (BAZ > 1 SD) and obesity (BAZ > 2 SD) were estimated for the entire country and individual states. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the socio-demographic factors associated with stunting, thinness, and overweight.ResultsCNNS collected data from 35,831 adolescents, of which 31,941 with BAZ scores, and 32,045 with HAZ scores were included in the final analysis. The burden of stunting and thinness among Indian adolescents was 27.4% (95% CI 26.4, 28.4%) and 24.4% (23.5, 25.4%), respectively. The burden of overweight and obesity was 4.8% (4.5, 5.1%) and 1.1% (0.9, 1.3%), respectively. Adolescents in the age group of 15–19 years (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.11, 1.36) compared to 10–14 years, females (AOR 1.20; 1.08, 1.33) compared to males, were at increased odds of getting stunted. Adolescents from lowest wealth index families (AOR 1.66; 1.33, 2.07) were at increased odds of thinness compared to peers of higher wealth index families. Adolescents of 10–14 years (AOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06, 1.49) compared to 15–19 years, urban residents (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.19, 1.71) compared to rural residents, were at increased odds of overweight.ConclusionIndian adolescents face the double burden of malnutrition that is undernutrition (stunting and thinness) alongside overnutrition (overweight and obesity) that are linked with socio-demographic factors. The National Nutritional Programs (POSHAN Abhiyan) should prioritize high-risk groups specifically older age group (15–19 years), females, and low wealth Index quintile families identified in this analysis.

Background:Rotavirus (RVA) causes severe gastroenteritis in under-five children, and there are many diverse strains of the virus that are localized to different parts of the world.Objectives:To study the burden and molecular epidemiology of RVA causing gastroenteritis among children from Eastern India.Materials and Methods:This hospital-based cross-sectional study included children under-five with gastroenteritis. Demographic and clinical parameters were recorded in a predesigned pro forma. Stool samples collected from these children were initially screened for RVA VP6 antigen by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Each EIA-positive sample was then subjected to RNA extraction, followed by reverse transcription, and heminested multiplex polymerase chain reaction for genotyping of RVA strains.Results:Of 320 included children, RVA was detected in 30.62% (98/320) cases by EIA. The highest incidence for RVA-positive cases (34.61%) was observed among children in the age group of 24–36 months, followed by 0–12 months (33.04%). Of the 97 completely typed samples, single genotype was detected in 85 (87.62%) samples with either G (VP7) or P (VP4) types. However, mixed genotypes were detected in 12 (11.21%) samples. G3P[8] (44.09%) was the most common genotype, followed by G1P[8] (32.65%), G2[P4] (5.10%), G1[P6] (3.06%), and G9[P4] (1.02%).Conclusions:The present study found RVA positivity in 30.62% of children with gastroenteritis, with the highest burden among 24–36 months old. The predominant genotypes were G1, G3, and P[8]. Further large-scale/multicentric studies should be conducted to document the diversity of circulating RVA genotypes in this region for giving inputs for vaccination strategy.

Background: Women with abnormal hysterosalpingography (HSG) are anxious regarding the presence of tubal pathology. It is important to know the predictive value of HSG and the need for subsequent laparoscopy following an abnormal report. In the era of assisted reproductive technology, the role of invasive testing such as diagnostic laparoscopy is being increasingly questioned due to its invasiveness and associated risks. There is a need to explore the positive predictive value (PPV) of HSG in detecting bilateral tubal block in our population as PPV changes with the prevalence of disease. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of HSG in identifying tubal blockage in subfertile women. Setting and Design: This was a prospective diagnostic study conducted in the department of reproductive medicine and surgery in a university-level hospital. Materials and Methods: The study included 199 subfertile women who had undergone HSG earlier and were planned for laparoscopy from April 2017 to January 2021. Findings of HSG and laparoscopy were compared with HSG as index test and laparoscopy as reference test, and the outcomes analysed were PPV of HSG for a bilateral tubal block, bilateral hydrosalpinx, abnormal HSG (unilateral or bilateral tubal block) and agreement between HSG and diagnostic laparoscopy in detecting normal and abnormal findings. Statistical Analysis: Kappa statistics, Stuart–Maxwell tests of marginal homogeneity and prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) statistics were used. Results: The PPV for a bilateral block with HSG was 20.9% (95% CI: 13.7–29.7). The PPV of HSG for bilateral hydrosalpinx was 50.0% (95% CI: 6.8–93.2). PABAK was estimated to be 0.42 (95% CI: 0.30–0.55), suggestive of moderate agreement between the tests. Findings of laparoscopy in women with at least one patent tube in HSG showed that in 12.3% of cases, the management was likely to change due to the operative findings. Conclusion: The current study showed low PPV for bilateral tubal block diagnosed with HSG which translates into a need for further confirmation by laparoscopy. In one out of every eight women with at least one patent tube on HSG, performing laparoscopy changed the management.