Proximate nutrients, calcium, and some anti-nutrients in 16 varieties of whole horsegram and their dehulled seeds were estimated The protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents were higher in the dehulled samples than in the corresponding whole horsegram However, the moisture, fibre, ash, and calcium contents of the dehulled samples were lower. A significant portion of the anti-nutrients studied were removed by dehulling.

The insect immune system exists to protect the host from pathogenic invaders and from other harmful insults. Upon bacterial infection insect haemolymph may lead to fatal consequences and it plays a most important role in transport and storage of nutrients, amino acids and free amino acids concentrations are marked changes for substrates by the immune system, these substrates are provide energy and precursors for the synthesis of new cells, effecter molecules, and protective molecule. We have been studied the certain biochemical changes in bacterial challenged Eri silkworm haemolymph at various time intervals. Results shows that the proteins and amino acids levels were significantly elevated and 18 individual free amino acids were found and that are quantitatively variation in the haemolymph after challenge with gram –ve and gram +ve bacteria when compared and control and sterile haemolymph. We may conclude that these were directly involved in the antimicrobial immune response of Eri silkworm innate immunityInt J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(2): 236-242 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i2.12453

Introduction:Chronic respiratory diseases are a group of chronic disease affecting the airways and other structures of lungs. Common causes of infections in these patients are viruses, bacteria and fungi4. Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI) is by large one of the leading causes of the morbidity and mortality in the world3. Early diagnosis and proper choice of antimicrobials is crucial for management of these patients. Aims and objectives:The Aims and Objectives of this study, is to identify the bacteriological and mycological isolates in Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid and detect antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods:A total of 203 Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid in paired samples obtained from patients were analyzed.The pathogens were identified and speciated by using the set of biochemical reactions as per standard reference. Results:This prospective study was done for a period of twelve months (September 2017 to August 2018) with 203 Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid samples. Growth was observed in 115 samples (56.65%). Of the culture positive samples, 77(67%) were bacterial, 21(18%) samples were mycobacterium tuberculosis and 17 (16%) were fungal isolates. The most common bacterial isolate was Klebsiellapneumoniae (28.57%), followed by Staphylococcus species (24.64%), Escherichia coli (20.77%), Pseudomonas species (14.28%), and Acinetobacter species (11.68%). Among the Staphylococcus aureus isolates,40% were Methicillin resistant and 60% were Methicillin sensitive.The fungal isolates were Candida(35.29%),Aspergillus(29.41%),(17.64%),Penicillium(11.76%)and Paecilomyces (5.88%). Conclusion:Systematicculture of BAL fluidgives a definite diagnosis of chronic pulmonary infections which would guide in selection of appropriate antimicrobials for management of pneumonia..A study like this would help and guide the physicians in prescribing the right combinations of anti-microbial to limit and prevent the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of Bacteria.

Escherichia coli (E.coli), a common human intestinal commensal causes infections in bodily sites outside the gastrointestinal tract and are called Extra-intestinal pathogenic E.coli. ExPEC causes Urinary tract infections, Blood stream infections, Pneumonia, meningitis,bone, skin, and soft tissue infections including both nosocomial and community acquired infections. The increasing trend of developing antibiotic resistance in ExPEC is of global treat which causes increasing morbidity and mortality.As there is no vaccination forExPEC so it is necessary to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility pattern for empirical treatment in emergency situations.Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics of third generation Cephalosporins, Penicillins and Monobactams. Since the ESBL enzyme genes are usually found in large plasmids, they also contain other antimicrobial resistant genes.AmpC production in E.coli is through plasmids and mutation in their porin structure. Carbapenems are the drug of choice for ESBL producing Ecoli but recent time development of resistance is increasingly reported due to production of Carbapenemase.The aim of this study is to test the Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Extra-intestinal Ecoli isolates. The study was conducted in the department of Microbiology, Stanley Medical College, Chennai during the period October 2018 to May 2019.The institutional ethical committee approval was obtained and clinical samples such as urine, blood, pus, sputum and sterile body fluids were received from 983 patients suspected of bacterial infections. The samples were processed and biochemical test identified 84 Ecoli Isolates. Antimicrobial testing, ESBL, AMPC screening and carbapenemase production were tested. E.coli isolates showed resistance to most of the beta lactam antibiotics such as Ampicillin, CefotaximeandCeftazidime and also to Ciprofloxacin &Cotrimoxazole.