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Organogels were prepared from a 1:3 molar ratio of metal/ligand complexes of iron(III) or aluminum(III) with methyl dodecanephosphonic acid or dodecylmethylphosphinic acid at a concentration of 10 mM in dodecane. Gelation occurs spontaneously upon dissolution of the solid complex. Dynamic oscillatory measurements over the temperature range of 100-150 degrees C indicate that these materials behave as living polymers. Both reptation and reversible chain scission contribute to stress relaxation. The phosphonate ester complex gels are stronger than the corresponding dialkylphosphinate complex gels. Even at 150 degrees C, the phosphonate ester complexes maintained significant structure. Zero-shear viscosity activation energies are in the range of 26.5-61.2 kJ/mol, comparable to that for typical polymer melts.

In oil and gas production and transportation a major concern is the formation of gas hydrates (crystaUine gas-water inclusion compounds that are stable at high pressures and low temperatures). Gas hydrates have a tenacious ability to plug pipelines, and may lead to unscheduled shut downs. The successful operation of pipeline transport with gas hydrates particles will depend on the ability to control gas hydrate agglomerations and depositions. Gas hydrates can be thermodynamically inhibited but this is proving cost ineffective and environmentally unfriendly. For this reason the oil/gas industry is moving to hydrate management rather than traditional methods of thermodynamic inhibition. One intriguing possibility would be to convert the water in the pipelines to non-agglomerating gas hydrates and then flow the slurry. However, this cannot be reliably achieved until basic understanding of hydrate slurry rheology is gained.To develop this fundamental understanding, in situ pressurized gas hydrate formation and rheological measurements from a water-in-oil emulsion have been conducted. In this work, small amplitude oscillatory and steady shear techniques have been used to characterize the rheological properties of these systems. The results demonstrate that hydrate formation can be detected in steady shear and oscillatory measurements, where a large viscosity (and elastic modulus) increase coincides with hydrate formation. Since temperature and pressure affect the thermodynamic stability of hydrates these are particular key variables that need to be tuned for this system.