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The land surface, which interacts with lower atmosphere, is subject to substantial amounts of human activities. It results in regional climate fluctuations and must be assessed with a combination of future socioeconomic and emission policies to improve regional resilience and responsive efficiency on global mitigation and adaptation. Spatial heterogeneity in regional climate induced by land use changes of future global socioeconomic and emission scenarios is explored. Comparisons are carried out among both historical and future land use-induced regional meteorological changes to investigate various climatic roles of land use conversions in China. The underlying changes in the surface albedo, leaf area index, energy exchange, and water balances are also examined. It is found that the increase of the summer temperature and the diurnal temperature range are the largest under the fifth Shared Socioeconomic Pathway characterized by more intensive urbanization. While temperature increase from urbanization and deforestation can be offset by cooling from vegetation evaporation increase under the extreme Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5, which has no climate mitigation policies and high greenhouse gas concentration. In addition, RCP4.5 scenario would cause an average temperature increase of 1.41°C by 2050 at an annual rate of 0.028°C in China. The global climatic forcing warms the entire region and enhances precipitation intensity, and these effects are more substantial than those by regional land use changes, showing a strong background influence. Our research reveals the future climatic responses to regional anthropogenic land use changes under various scenarios and policies and provides ways to downscale global mitigation impacts into regional insights.

Abstract. Extreme rainfall events pose an ever increasing threat to cities due to the potential for surface water flooding resulting in damage to properties and major disruption of transport systems. Modern sensor networks offer enormous potential for the real-time monitoring of urban systems and potentially allow improved situational awareness of impeding hazards and their impacts such as flooding. However, monitoring in itself is not enough if we are to be able to adapt in in real-time to hazards. Systems are required that allow analytics and models, that feed of real-time observations, to make predictions of impacts and suggest adaption options ahead of the hazard event. The Flood-PREPARED project is developing a system for real-time adaption to surface water flooding. The system comprises of advanced spatiotemporal models of rainfall, surface water flooding and road traffic impacts. These models are linked and orchestrated within into a Big Data workflow that allows events to be simulated using emerging rainfall data recorded by a short range weather radar. This approach allows nowcasting to be undertaken where predictions of surface water inundation and impacts on the road network can be predicted ahead of the rainfall event reaching the city; thus providing the ability for an improved adaptive response to the actual event.

The lab-scale and full-scale performance of a combined mesophilic up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and aerobic contact oxidation (ACO) process for treating acrylic wastewater was studied. During lab-scale experiment, the overwhelmed volumetric load for UASB was above 6 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) ·(m(-3)·d(-1)) since COD removal efficiency dropped dramatically from 73% at 6 kg COD·(m(-3)·d(-1)) to 61% at 7 kg COD·(m(-3)·d(-1)) and 53% at 8 kg COD·(m(-3)·d(-1)). Further results showed that an up-flow fluid velocity of 0.5 m h(-1) for UASB obtained a highest COD removal efficiency of 75%, and the optimum COD volumetric load for the corresponding ACO was 1.00 kg COD·(m(-3)·d(-1)). Based on the configuration of the lab-scale experiment, a full-scale application with an acrylic wastewater treatment capacity of 8 m3 h(-1) was constructed and operated at a volumetric load of 5.5 kg COD·(m(-3)·d(-1)), an up-flow fluid velocity of 0.5 m h(-1) for UASB and a volumetric load of 0.9 kg COD·(m(-3)·d(-1)) for ACO; and the final effluent COD was around 740 mg L(-1). The results suggest that a combined UASB-ACO process is promising for treating acrylic wastewater.