External electric field effects cation–π interaction.

Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) has been used to predict the absorption spectra of cation−π complexes of benzene and borazine. Both polarized continuum model (PCM) and discrete solvation model (DSM) and a combined effect of PCM and DSM on the absorption spectra have been elucidated. With decrease in size of the cation, the π → π* transitions of benzene and borazine are found to undergo blue and red shift, respectively. A number of different substituents (both electron-withdrawing and electron-donating) and a range of solvents (nonpolar to polar) have been considered to understand the effect of substituent and solvents on the absorption spectra of the cation−π complexes of benzene and borazine. Red shift in the absorption spectra of benzene cation−π complexes are observed with both electron-donating groups (EDGs) and electronwithdrawing groups (EWGs). The same trend has not been observed in the case of substituted borazine cation−π complexes. The wavelength of the electronic transitions corresponding to cation−π complexes correlates well with the Hammet constants (σ p and σ m ). This correlation indicates that the shifting of spectral lines of the cation−π complexes on substitution is due to both resonance and inductive effect. On incorporation of solvent phases, significant red or blue shifting in the absorption spectra of the complexes has been observed. Kamlet−Taft multiparametric equation has been used to explain the effect of solvent on the absorption spectra of complexes. Polarity and polarizability are observed to play an important role in the solvatochromism of the cation−π complexes.

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