Objectives: It has been documented that the administration of exogenous androgens to immature female rats produces polycystic ovaries. There is a substantial reduction of antioxidants in this condition, with an elevated risk of oxidative stress. The current research is intended to evaluate these effects and to assess the protection provided by aqueous garlic extract (AGE). Methods: An experimental study conducted at University of Health Sciences, Lahore. The data was collected over a period of one month. Fifty female prepubertal rats, 21 days of age, were divided into five groups, A, B, C, D and E. Group A served as control. Group B received testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneous for 14 days and served as disease control. Group C received testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneous for 14 days and concomitantly Aqueous garlic extract (AGE). Group D receive testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneous for 14 days and Aqueous garlic extract (AGE) from day 14-21. Group E received testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneous for 14 days with no intervention till day 21. Blood samples of 50 female rats were drawn by doing cardiac puncture and clear serum was collected by centrifugation. This serum was used to assess the Catalase enzyme by using specific commercial kits. Results: The concentration and activity of catalase enzyme in the female rats with polycystic ovaries showed significant decrease as compare to the healthy controls. The involvement of antioxidants to manage the polycystic ovaries may be helpful as secondary therapy to prevent oxidative damage. Conclusion: The results showed that AGE with its antioxidative properties not only prevents the damage caused by oxidative stress, it also increased the level of serum catalase that helps to create a balance between beneficial oxidant generation and damaging oxidative stress. Key words: Androgens, immature female rats, ovaries, antioxidants, oxidative stress, aqueous garlic extract (AGE), Catalase. How to cite: Bashir.Y., Habib N. Ashraf .S. Anti-Oxidative Effect of Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) on Androgen Induced Changes in Ovaries of Prepubertal Female Rats. Esculapio. 2021.17(01):55-59

Aim: To investigate the comparison between teacher centered and Student centered medical education approach among multiple medical and dental institutes of Lahore. Methods: A thorough investigation was done by collecting data on results of students given Teacher centered medical education and Student centered medical education. Students of each class were divided into 5 groups and given tasks of presenting on given topics and individual students’ participation was encouraged in each group. Results: The results of teacher centered teaching showed that 20% of class scored above 80% marks. 78% of class scored between 60% and 80% marks and 2% scored less than 60% marks. On the other hand the student centered presentation had an excellent outcome where 100% of students scored more than 80% marks, out of which 60% scored more than 90%. Conclusion: It is concluded that Students’ performance in student centered medical education was higher than that in teacher centered education. This teaching technique was seen to be better retentive because of active participation of students. MeSH Words: Medical Education, Self-centered learning, Student centered learning, teacher centered learning.

Aim: To determine how dental education affects the oral hygiene practices in Pakistan. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place: FMH College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan. Duration: One month. Methodology: A self-administered questionnaire was circulated amongst BDS, MBBS, and AHS students of FMH College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan. The responses were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: Dental students were superior to MBBS and AHS students in brushing frequency, electric toothbrush and water flosser use. Manual toothbrushes are more commonly used than electric toothbrushes in all three groups. More MBBS students believed that electric toothbrushes were better. Flossing proved unpopular. Toothpicks were the preferred interdental aid. Few students use water flossers. Mouthwashes are only used when needed. Most respondents were nonsmokers, but more BDS students smoked. Conclusion: Conclusion: Dental education in Pakistan impacts oral hygiene habits since dental students reported to have superior oral hygiene habits. More MBBS students believed electronic toothbrushes are superior to manual ones, indicating that BDS and AHS students require knowledge of electric toothbrushes. Keywords: Allied Health Sciences, Dental education; Dental students; Medical students; Oral hygiene practices.

Aim: To investigate the association between anatomical considerations of TMJ with regard to condylar positioning in Glenoid Fossa and prevalence of malocclusion in patients with TMDs Methods: A thorough investigation was done by collecting data on CT scans of 37 patients with TMDs and their Condylar positioning was recorded. Data on malocclusion was obtained by cephalometric radiographs and the relationship was observed. Results: Our study showed a significant (p<0.05) presence of bilateralism in anterior positioning as well as in posterior positioning. Class II showed significant bilateralism of posterior positioning (n=12, p<0.05) whereas Class III showed significant bilateralism of anterior positioning (n=7, p<0.05) of condyles. Conclusion: Our study on anatomical consideration of TMJ and positions of condyles concluded a significant relevance with orthodontic malocclusion. Posterior positioning of condyles may contribute to Class II whereas anterior positioning of condyles may lead to Class III malocclusion. MeSH Words: Condylar Positions, Malocclusion, TMJ Anatomy.

Aim: The assessment of serum electrolytes at the time of initial presentation of the patient with respiratory tract infection possibly causing lung parenchyma and pulmonary vasculature damage and serial monitoring during the stay could be beneficial in order to determine when and how to take remedial action when necessary. Methodology: A non-probability sampling was done on 139 subjects with suspected respiratory tract infection. For confirmation, culture, MTB PCR, COVID-19 testing was done to diagnose the nature of infection. Serum electrolytes were tested on chemical analyses Alinity instrument. Results: Most common infections found were COVID-19 and bacterial (n=59) collectively in a co-morbid state. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and fungal infections were also found in (n=8) each. Electrolytes imbalance was markedly observed in high prevalence amongst Tuberculosis and COVID-19 patients but also showed significant association with other respiratory investigated infections. Conclusion: A robust association of electrolyte imbalance was found in all cases presented with upper or lower respiratory tract infections. Keywords: Respiratory tract infections, electrolyte imbalance, Covid-19, MTB, Sodium, Potassium