This disease is widely distributed all across the Globe, specifically Asia, Middle East, and Africa. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection is easily transmissible, highly pathogenic and causes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) which has fatality rate of >40%. 1,2 The incidence of CCHFV has been increasing since 2008. 3 Different aspects of CCHFV are described below:History: CCHFV was first recognised in Tajikistan in the 12 th Century. In 1944, the evidence of CCHF was reported from the Crimean region of the former Soviet Union, followed by several other cases reported in several southern Soviet Republics, South Africa and Bulgaria during next few decades. The virus derived its current name 'Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever' because same disease was reported in 1969 in Congo region. 4

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Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile bacterium that causes a wide range of diseases in humans and animals. Objective: To determine the occurrence and antibiotic sensitivity profiles of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates directly from the clinical samples. Methods: Individuals from various subgroups of the District Peshawar provided three different clinical specimens that are pus, body fluids and blood. Plasma, Macconkey and Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient agar (CLED) agar were used to prepare each specimen in the usual method. Gram staining test, catalase, and coagulase were used to identify and confirm S. aureus. The conventional "Kirby-Bauer disc" diffusion method was used to confirm MRSA antibiotic resistance patterns to several antibiotics. Results: A maximum of 750 diagnostic samples were evaluated and 50 (6.37%) were found to be positive for MRSA, with 33 (72%) coming from pus samples, 9 (19%) from fluid samples, and 6 (12%) from blood samples. Males had a higher prevalence of MRSA strains (69%) than females (31%). Most MRSA strains were completely resistant to different type of antibiotics e.g. penicillin, oxacillin, and ampicillin, while remaining completely susceptible to linezolid, teicoplanin, & vancomycin. Other anti-microbials to which MRSA strains were resistant are ceftriaxone (78.88%), cefoxitin (65.55%), erythromycin (83.33%), clindamycin (72.22%), co-amoxiclav (76.66%), fusidic acid (67.77%), and gentamycin (83.33%) (74.4%). Conclusions: This study found that the frequency of MRSA in Pakhtunkhwa is lower in comparison to that reported in other regions of Pakistan. Moreover, because MRSA is multi-drug-resistant, culture sensitivity testing should be conducted to determine the best antibiotic to use to treat MRSA infection

Objective: To evaluate the concentration of zinc inthe blood and seminal plasma with semen parameters between fertile and infertile males Methodology: This prospective study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Hayatabad medical complex, Peshawar. Fifty (50)infertile males, not receiving any treatment and had regularintercourse for 1 yearaged 25-45 years were selected from HMC. They were divided into 35oligospermia and 15 azoospermic. 35 fertile males were nominatedamongthe overallresidents and were taken as the control group after their semen analysis was taken as normozoospermic. According to WHO criteria semen is analyzed. With the help of 5br Serum and seminal plasma zinc were estimated. Result: There was a significant difference found in serum and seminal levels of zinc in normozoospermic, oligospermia (p less than 0.05), and azoospermic (p-value less than 0.05) individuals. The correlation of seminal plasma zinc with sperm counts showed a positive association with the count of sperm and a negative association with motility of sperm in normozoospermic/oligospermia and a negative association of concentration with pH, and volume, WBC in all groups. No association was found with the morphology of sperm. Conclusion: It has been concluded that zinc interfered with fertility by having a considerable impact on many semen parameters. It suggests that measuring seminal plasma zinc could be useful for diagnosing and treating male infertility.