Osteoporosis is the leading cause of deformity and bones fracture all over the world and has some relationship with the blood concentrations of calcium and lead. Therefore, in the current study, the blood samples of 58 control and 56 clinically diagnosed osteoporotic and osteopenic patients were taken from different hospitals in Pakistan and analyzed for calcium and lead concentrations using atomic absorption spectrometry. In female control samples, the mean calcium value was found to be 98.53 ± 4.81 μg/mL, and in male control samples, the mean blood calcium level was found to be 121.33 ± 7.27 μg/mL. In female control samples, the mean lead value was found to be 0.133 ± 0.005 μg/mL, and in male control samples, the mean lead level was found to be 0.183 ± 0.008 μg/mL. All the male and female control samples showed a mean value of calcium of 115.63 ± 5.2 μg/mL and a mean value of lead of 0.153 ± 0.007 μg/mL. In osteoporotic female patients, the decline in the mean calcium value was found to be 34.93 ± 1.9 μg/mL, and in male patients, the decrease in the mean calcium level was found to be 47.73 ± 2.5 μg/mL. The increase in the mean value of lead in osteoporotic females was 4.13 ± 0.22 μg/mL, whereas in male patients, the increase in the mean lead value was 0.95 ± 0.07 μg/mL. All the male and female patients showed a decrease in the mean value of calcium of 41.43 ± 2.2 μg/mL and an increase in the mean value of Pb of 3.63 ± 0.16 μg/mL.

The reuse of treated domestic wastewater is an imperative source of water for numerous purposes. The treatment of municipal wastewater can be process by utilizing the technique for electrocoagulation. Electrocoagulation (EC) is an eco-friendly technique that combines the functions and advantages of conventional coagulation, flotation, and electrochemistry in water and wastewater treatment. The aim of present study was to assess the potential of electrocoagulation process in removing COD, BOD, TSS, turbidity, sulphate, nitrate, chloride and TDS from municipal wastewater. This experimental study was carried out at a batch system by using copper and aluminium electrodes aiming to treat the municipal wastewater at (0, 7, 14, and 21 volts, 50mamp for 60minutes) from Sample Baloch Colony (SBC), Sample Rind Goth (SRG), Sample Cattle Colony (SCC), Sample Pakistan Machine Tool Factory (SPMTF) and Sample Mehran Highway (SMH). The results revealed that the maximum removal efficiency of COD 96% for SPMTF, BOD 38.5% for SPMTF, TSS 98.14% for SMH, Turbidity 95.7% for SPMTF, Sulphate 95.9% for SRG, Nitrate 95.23% for SMH, Chloride 97.92% for SMH and TDS 96.9% for SRG at 21 volt. The present study suggested that the treated wastewater could be safely reuse for lawns, parks, tree plantation and recreation purpose.