Aim: Different training tests are used to measure and train an individual for improvement in stationary and dynamic postural stability. Y-balance test has been utilized to test the dynamic postural stability among healthy individuals and athletes. Patients suffering from diabetes mellitus due to muscular weakness are prone to have altered dynamic postural stability. The primary objective of this study is to test the dynamic postural stability status of patients with Type-II diabetes mellitus through the Y-balance test. Methods: This cross-sectional observational investigation was conducted from June 2022 to November 2022 at Shalamar Hospital, Pakistan on 33 participants of both genders between the age group of 45-60 years. of both genders amid the age group of 45-60 years from the Diabetic Institute of Pakistan. A measuring tape was used to measure Y-balance test readings. SPSS software version 22 was used to analyze the results. Mean and standard deviation was calculated and independent and paired t-test were used to compare results. Results: Out of 33 study participants, 48.5% were male, and 51.5% were female. The findings of this study show that interlimb leg length differences were not noteworthy but both limbs had substantial results in the anterior direction (P ≤ 0.06). Furthermore, both males and females showed no interlimb differences in leg length in the posteromedial direction, however; females showed greater interlimb differences in the anterior and posterolateral direction (P ≤ 0.05). Practical Implication: Reference standards are indispensable for the accurate interpretation of the inspection results. Clinicians would use these normative numbers to institute a patient’s performance level. Since YBT enactment differs in diverse cultures, precise YBT reference standards must be recognized. Conclusions: Dynamic postural stability status of patients with Type-II diabetes mellitus through the Y-balance test showed significant differences appearing in the anterior reach distance than posterolateral and posteromedial reach distances, especially in females. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Dynamic Postural Stability, Physiotherapy, Physical Therapy, Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Y-Balance Test.

Background: Frozen shoulder refers to a common shoulder condition characterized by a general limitation of shoulder range of motion in the capsule model. The capsular pattern of the shoulder is characterized by the greatest limitation of passive lateral rotation and abduction. Physiotherapy is the most important part of the conservative treatment of frozen shoulder. Aim: To find the role of Maitland mobilization technique in treatment of frozen shoulder with Mulligan’s mobilization techniques and its possible effects in early gaining of ROM and pain management. Methods: This was a comparative study conducted at the Department of Physical Therapy and Orthopedic Surgery I, King Edward Medical College/Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Subjects were conveniently divided into her two groups, each group containing her 40 patients. In group A, patients were treated with Maitland manipulative therapy. In group B, patients were treated with mulligan mobilization and movement techniques. Patients in both groups were followed for up to 6 weeks and improvements in motor parameters were recorded at each patient's follow-up visit. SPSS was used for data entry and analysis. Result: A total of 50 patients participated in this study. The mean age of patients in group A was 46.23 years and the mean age of group B was 45.23 years at the onset of the disease at 6 weeks, 11 patients at 10 weeks, and 2 patients at 12-year intervals. Patients had an onset duration of 6 weeks, 10 patients had an onset duration of 10 weeks, and 6 patients had an onset duration of 12 weeks. Abduction was observed to be significantly improved in patients treated with the Mulligan method compared with those treated with the Maitland mobilization method. Practical implication: More specifically, the study will be focused on the examining the shoulder active and passive ROMs and pain reduction before and after the treatment. All measured characteristics of FS patients will be compared with those of the subjects with asymptomatic shoulders. Conclusion: In comparison with Mulligan mobilization technique, Maitland mobilization technique is more effective in the management of frozen shoulder. Keywords: Adhesive capsulitis /Frozen shoulder, Mulligan mobilization technique, Maitland mobilization technique.

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Background: Hamstrings tightness is commonly found among obese individuals and athletes. Many factors can result in hamstrings tightness such as overuse, bad posture and sports activities. It can result in major muscle imbalance which can predispose a person to muscle injuries. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of plantar fascial mobilization and static stretching on hamstrings flexibility in overweight individuals. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Physiotherapy department of Shalamar Hospital, Lahore for 6 months. About 50 participants were selected after meeting the eligibility criteria through non-probability purposive sampling. Participants were divided into two equal groups, Group A received static stretching of the hamstrings and Group B received plantar fascial mobilization for three consecutive days. Pre and post-treatment readings of the numeric pain rating scale and active knee extension were recorded in this study. Overweight individuals with having body mass index between 25 to 30 and age ranging from 18 to 35 years presented with hamstring tightness (at least 20 degrees of active knee extension were included in this study). Patients were excluded if they showed any red flags such as rheumatoid arthritis, fracture, tumor, osteoporosis, history of steroid use, lower limb injuries or surgery. The normality of data was assessed through the Shapiro-Wilk test. The difference between pre and post-treatment readings was calculated using paired sample t-test for this parametric data.  Independent sample t-test was estimated for finding difference between groups. Results: Patients presented in both groups had an age between 18 and 50 with a mean age of 38.56+9.243. Data were analyzed through independent sample t-tests and paired sample t-tests. The results showed that plantar fascial mobilization along with static stretching was superior in improving hamstring flexibility (83.20+1.65) and reducing pain (1.96+1.48) than static stretching alone in improving hamstring flexibility (76.40+0.02) and in reducing pain (3.45+1.45). Conclusion: It concludes that both the treatment techniques, plantar facial mobilization and static stretching were effective in improving hamstring flexibility by increasing active knee extension and decreasing pain intensity however plantar fascial mobilization along with static stretching was superior to static stretching alone in improving the hamstring flexibility in overweight individuals.