Les légalisations de l’usage du cannabis récréatif intervenues en Uruguay et au Colorado constituent une rupture sans précédent dans l’histoire des politiques publiques visant à réguler l’usage de cette substance. Une approche comparative des deux processus dans chacun des deux pays fait apparaître toutefois que la notion de « légalisation » est insuffisante pour rendre compte de la nature et de l’effectivité des politiques menées. En effet, des oppositions fondamentales, déterminées par des philosophies et des traditions politiques et nationales bien spécifiques, séparent les deux approches. Ces divergences tiennent notamment à la place et au rôle de l’État, ainsi qu’à l’importance accordée aux mécanismes du marché dans le processus de régulation. Les deux expériences en cours démontrent que les processus de légalisation sont aussi l’expression de visions de la société et du monde différentes, de même que de traditions nationales bien spécifiques.
Herbal cannabis is one of the most consumed illegal drugs in Europe, with increasing local production. Illicit cannabis cultivation is not new to Western Europe. It first emerged on the scene in the 1970s, in the wake of the counter-culture following the 1968 Protests. Since then, it has gradually become more professional due to the increased diversification of involved actors, such as Organized Crime Groups (OCG), and the growing role of players linked to mafia organizations in both Italy and Albany. In Spain and France, where Moroccan resin has long dominated supply and demand, the cannabis market has seen a rise in herbal cannabis production. This, in turn, challenges the role of OCGs invested in resin importation. Yet, European marihuana production cannot be defined as a strictly criminal business. Small growers remain significant actors in production. This trend in production must be examined against evolving attitudes towards marihuana at the global level, linked especially to new legislation in the United States and in Canada.
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