With more regulations tackling the protection of users' privacy-sensitive data in recent years, access to such data has become increasingly restricted. A new decentralized training paradigm, known as Federated Learning (FL), enables multiple clients located at different geographical locations to learn a machine learning model collaboratively without sharing their data. While FL has recently emerged as a promising solution to preserve users' privacy, this new paradigm's potential security implications may hinder its widespread adoption. The existing FL protocols exhibit new unique vulnerabilities that adversaries can exploit to compromise the trained model. FL is often preferred in learning environments where security and privacy are the key concerns. Therefore, it is crucial to raise awareness of the consequences resulting from the new threats to FL systems. To date, the security of traditional machine learning systems has been widely examined. However, many open challenges and complex questions are still surrounding FL security. In this paper, we bridge the gap in FL literature by providing a comprehensive survey of the unique security vulnerabilities exposed by the FL ecosystem. We highlight the vulnerabilities sources, key attacks on FL, defenses, as well as their unique challenges, and discuss promising future research directions towards more robust FL.INDEX TERMS Attacks, defenses, Federated Learning, security threats, vulnerabilities.

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Wireless networks are undergoing an unprecedented revolution in the last decade. With the explosion of delay-sensitive applications usage on the Internet (i.e., online gaming, VoIP and safety-critical applications), latency becomes a major issue for the development of wireless technology since it has an enormous impact on user experience. In fact, in a phenomenon known as bufferbloat, large static buffers inside the network devices results in increasing the time that packets spend in the queues and, thus, causing larger delays. Concerns have arisen about designing efficient queue management schemes to mitigate the effects of over-buffering in wireless devices. In this paper, we advocate the exploitation of machine learning techniques for dynamic buffer sizing. We propose LearnQueue, a novel reinforcement learning design that can effectively control the latency in wireless networks. LearnQueue adapts quickly and intelligently to changes in the wireless environment using a sophisticated reward structure. The latency control is performed dynamically by tuning the buffer size. Adopting a trial-and-error approach, the proposed scheme penalizes the actions resulting in longer delays or hurting the throughput. In addition, the scheme parameters are designed for an optimized operation depending on different applications requirements. Using the latest generation of WARP hardware, we investigated LearnQueue performance in various network scenarios. The testbed results prove that LearnQueue can grantee low latency while preserving throughput under various congestion situations. We also discuss the feasibility and possible limitations of large-scale deployment of the proposed scheme in wireless devices.

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CitationBouacida Abstract-The controller is a critical piece of the SDN architecture, where it is considered as the mastermind of SDN networks. Thus, its failure will cause a significant portion of the network to fail. Overload is one of the common causes of failure since the controller is frequently invoked by new mice flows. Even through SDN controllers are often replicated, the significant recovery time can be an overkill for the availability of the entire network. In order to overcome the problem of the overloaded controller failure in SDN, this paper proposes a novel controller offload solution for failure mitigation based on a prediction module that anticipates the presence of a harmful long-term load. In fact, the long-standing load would eventually overwhelm the controller leading to a possible failure. To predict whether the load in the controller is short-term or long-term load, we used three different classification algorithms: Support Vector Machine, k-Nearest Neighbors, and Naive Bayes. Our evaluation results demonstrate that Support Vector Machine algorithm is applicable for detecting the type of load with an accuracy of 97.93% in a real-time scenario. Besides, our scheme succeeded to offload the controller by switching between the reactive and proactive mode in response to the prediction module output.